Urine Chemical Exam

Question 1

briefly dip reagent strips to prevent

Answer 1

leaching or reagents from strip

Question 2

thoroughly mix specimens for

Answer 2

detection of RBCs and WBCs

Question 3

warm refrigerated specimens for

Answer 3

enzyme reactions

Question 4

blot strip while removing from urine to

Answer 4

prevent runover

Question 5

observe manufacturer timing instructions in

Answer 5

reaction color changes

Question 6

the pH of fresh urine does not reach

Answer 6

9.0.a reading of 9.0 indicates an old specimen that should be recollected.

Question 7

urine pH normal value

Answer 7

4.5 to 8.0

Question 8

pH reagent strip principle

Answer 8

double indicator (methyl red and bromothymol blue)

Question 9

clinical significance of urine pH

Answer 9

detection of systemic acid-base disorders.identification of urinary crystals.

Question 10

reagent strips measure primarily what protein

Answer 10

albumin

Question 11

urine protein NV is

Answer 11

10 mg/dL

Question 12

considered clinical proteinuria

Answer 12

30 mg/dL or greater

Question 13

reagent strip principle for protein

Answer 13

the protein error of indicators

Question 14

clinical significance of urine protein

Answer 14

clinically significant proteinuria is primarily caused by glomerular or tubular disorders.Benign orthostatic proteinuria testing requires a first morning and a specimen after the patient has been active for 2 hours. The first specimen should be negative and the second specimen positive.

Question 15

requires a different reagent strip capable of testing for only albumin at levels below 10mg/dL

Answer 15

microalbumin

Question 16

microalbumin is used to

Answer 16

provide early detection of renal disease, particularly in patients with diabetes.

Question 17

The __________ tests for microalbumin and creatinine, along with all other routine strip tests, except urobilinogen

Answer 17

Multistix PRO 11 reagent strip

Question 18

_______ corrects for hydration in a random sample to provide an estimate of the 24-hour microalbumin level

Answer 18

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Question 19

glucose reagent strip principle

Answer 19

Glucose oxidase test (specific for glucose)

Question 20

the renal threshold for glucose is

Answer 20

160 to 180 mg/dL

Question 21

urine glucose clinical significance

Answer 21

Diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes (placental hormones blocking insulin)Hormonal disorders and stress block insulin production and actions.Renal tubular disorders prevent tubular reabsorption of glucose.

Question 22

Clinitest principle

Answer 22

reducing substances including glucose and other sugars can reduce copper sulfate (blue-green) to cuprous oxide (orange-red)

Question 23

clinitest can be used in

Answer 23

testing newborn urine for galactose*high levels will pass through the reaction and go from blue-green to orange-red to blue-green. carefully observe the reaction.

Question 24

ketones are

Answer 24

intermediate metabolites of fat:acetoacetic acid, acetone, and B-hydroxybutyric acid.

Question 25

urine ketone principle

Answer 25

reaction of acetoacetic acid or acetone (with glycine) with sodium nitroprusside/ferricynade

Question 26

urine ketone clinical significance

Answer 26

Diabetes mellitus, monitoring of insulin therapy, starvation, malabsorption, and loss of carbohydrate (vomiting)

Question 27

urine blood positive reactions are ssen with

Answer 27

hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria

Question 28

urine blood principle

Answer 28

pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

Question 29

urine blood CS

Answer 29

both hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria can cuase acute renal failure.Hematuria - bleeding within the genitourinary system, including renal calculi, trauma, anticoagulants, glomerulonephritis, and pyelonephritis.hemoglobinuria - intravascular hemolysis/ transfusion reactions, lysis of old RBCs by dilute alkaline urine.Myoglobinuria - Rhabdomyolysis caused by muscle-wating disorders, crush injuries, prolonged coma, and cholesterol statin drugs.

Question 30

products of hemoglobin degradation

Answer 30

bilirubin and urobilinogen

Question 31

urine bilirubin principle

Answer 31

diazo reaction

Question 32

urine bilirubin CS

Answer 32

conjugated bilirubin enters the urine as a result of leakage from a damaged liver or blocked bile duct.The kidneys cannot filter unconjugated bilirubin.Patients will appear jaundiced.

Question 33

Some of the conjugated bilirubin is coverted to _______________ in the intestine

Answer 33

urobilinogen.Then it circulates in the blood to the liver and passes through the kidneys.

Question 34

normal urobilinogen in urine

Answer 34

1 mg/dL

Question 35

urine urobilinogen principle

Answer 35

multistix - Ehrlich’s reaction.chemstrip - diazo reaction.

Question 36

urine urobilinogen CS

Answer 36

early detection of liver disease and hemolytic disorders, constipation.

Question 37

urine nitrite detects

Answer 37

the presence of reductase-producing bacteria that can convert urinary nitrate to nitrite.

Question 38

urine nitrite principle

Answer 38

diazo reaction

Question 39

urine nitrite CS

Answer 39

early detection of urinary tract infection.a positive nitrite test should be accompanied by a positive leukocyte esterase test.may be used to screen specimens for microbiology testing.

Question 40

leukocyte esterase detects

Answer 40

the presence of granulocytic WBCs, including lysed WBCs.

Question 41

urine leukocyte esterase principle

Answer 41

Diazo reaction: the leukocyte esterase reagent strip reaction should be read 2 minutes after urine exposure.

Question 42

urine leukocyte esterase CS

Answer 42

UTI, including with non-reductase-containing bacteria and parasitic and fungal organisms that would have a negative nitrite test.