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ARDMS ABD A&P > Urinary Tract A&P > Flashcards

Urinary Tract A&P Flashcards

1
Q

are the kidneys intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organs?

A

retroperitoneal

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2
Q

is the right or left kidney more inferior?

A

right

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3
Q

the renal medulla is the inner part that includes ______

A

pyramids

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4
Q

the renal pyramids are responsible for _____

A

absorption

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5
Q

the renal cortex contains ____

A

nephrons

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6
Q

nephrons are responsible for ______

A

filtration of blood

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7
Q

normal renal cortex size is

A

1 cm

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8
Q

what funnels urine towards the renal pelvis?

A

calyces

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9
Q

what collects urine before it moves into the ureters?

A

renal pelvis

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10
Q

______ is where the renal pelvis narrows into the proximal ureter

A

ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)

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11
Q

layers of the kidney (4)

A
  1. renal capsule
  2. perinephric fat
  3. Gerota’s fascia
  4. pararenal fat
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12
Q

acts as a barrier against physical trauma and infection for the kidney

A

renal capsule

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13
Q

helps hold the kidneys in place against the posterior muscles

A

perinephric fat

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14
Q

surrounds kidneys and adrenal glands, anchors them to surrounding structures

A

Gerota’s fascia

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15
Q

surrounds Gerota’s fascia and acts as shock absorber

A

pararenal fat

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16
Q

what is the normal length of a kidney?

A

9 to 12 cm

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17
Q

what is the normal width of a kidney?

A

4 to 5 cm

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18
Q

what is the normal AP measurement of a kidney?

A

2.5 to 3.5 cm

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19
Q

an abnormal length of a kidney is less than ____

A

8 cm

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20
Q

it is abnormal when there is a measurement difference greater than ____ between the two kidneys

A

1.5 cm

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21
Q

blood flow to the kidney (5)

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental
  3. interlobar
  4. arcuate
  5. interlobular
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22
Q

is the right or left renal vein longer?

A

left

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23
Q

functions of the kidneys (6)

A
  1. vital for homeostasis
  2. remove waste
  3. regulate electrolyte balance
  4. formation of urine
  5. regulate BP by producing renin
  6. maintain normal pH, iron, and salt levels in blood
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24
Q

the ureters enter the bladder at the ________

A

ureterovesicle junction (UVJ)

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25
Q

is the bladder retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

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26
Q

bladder location in a male

A

superior to prostate and anterior to seminal vesicles

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27
Q

bladder location in females

A

anterior to vagina, uterus, and rectum

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28
Q

bladder wall thickness should be _____

A

less than 4 mm

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29
Q

2 parts of bladder

____ is the upper portion
____ is the lower portion

A

apex = upper
neck = lower

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30
Q

the male urethra is ____ and is also a pathway for ______

A

longer
seminal fluid

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31
Q

byproduct of protein metabolism that occurs within the liver and excreted by the kidneys

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

32
Q

normal BUN levels are

A

5 to 15 mg/dl

33
Q

increase in BUN can indicate (4)

A

renal disease
obstruction
CHF
GI bleeds

34
Q

byproduct of muscle energy metabolism that is filtered by the kidneys

A

serum creatine

35
Q

normal serum creatinine levels are

A

0.6 to 1.2 mg/dl

36
Q

increase serum creatinine levels indicate

A

renal dysfunction

37
Q

a congenital cause of renal pseudo tumor,
central unfolding of cortical tissue within the medulla

A

hypertrophied column of Bertin

38
Q

bulge in capsule of the left kidney,
cortical thickening is due to compression by spleen

A

dromedary hump

39
Q

triangular echogenic area in the upper pole of the renal parenchyma that is common on the right side,
results from incomplete embryonic fusion of renunculi

A

junction parenchymal defect

40
Q

fetal lobulation

A

indentations in the renal outline that result from incomplete fusion of renal lobules
[kidney with bumpy contour]

41
Q

fatty infiltration of the renal pelvis,
enlarged central echogenic complex

A

renal sinus lipomatosis
aka fibrolipomatosis

42
Q

renal pelvis extends outside the hilum,
usually appears dilated

A

extra renal pelvis

43
Q

supernumerary arteries

A

common (30%)
more than one renal artery
most arise from the AO

44
Q

unilateral renal agenesis is associated with (3)

A
  1. bicornuate uterus
  2. seminal vesicles agenesis
  3. hypertrophied contralateral kidney
45
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

kidneys fused at lower poles
isthmus anterior to AO
ureter anterior to isthmus

46
Q

kidneys are on the same side and fused,
superior pole of one is fused to the inferior pole of the other

A

cross-fused renal ectopia

47
Q

fused pelvic kidney is also known as

A

pancake, discord, or lump kidney

48
Q

a fused pelvic kidney is when the kidneys are fused into a single mass at

A

the medial surface

49
Q

shaped like an “S”
upper pole of one kidney is fused to the lower pole of the other kidney

A

sigmoid kidney

50
Q

duplex collecting system

A

most common congenital anomaly of the kidneys
associated with obstruction and reflux

51
Q

complete duplex collecting system

A

2 renal pelvis and 2 ureters
ureter from the upper pole inserts inferiorly

52
Q

incomplete duplex collecting system

A

2 renal pelvis and partial ureters duplication
one common ureter enters the bladder

53
Q

3 ways infant kidneys differ from adult kidneys

A
  1. higher cortical echodensity
  2. renal pyramids are larger
  3. little to no renal sinus fat
54
Q

normal fetal kidney length

A

3.3 to 5.0 cm

55
Q

normal fetal kidney AP measurement

A

1.5 to 2.5 cm

56
Q

normal fetal kidney diameter

A

2.0 to 3.0 cm

57
Q

what is the best transducer to use for renal scans?

A

3.0 to 5.0 MHz curved

58
Q

indications for renal ultrasound (6)

A
  1. palpable flank mass
  2. UTI
  3. hepatitis
  4. increase BUN or creatine
  5. oliguria = decrease urine output
  6. post surgical or trauma assessment
59
Q

T/F: ultrasound is the imaging choice for bladder

A

FALSE - cystoscopy

60
Q

the renal cortex is hypoechoic to _____ and _____

A

liver and spleen

61
Q

renal pyramids are hypoechoic to _____

A

renal cortex

62
Q

renal sinus is highly _____

A

echogenic

63
Q

in relation to the right kidney:

adrenal gland is ________
liver is _____
right colic flexure is _____
2nd portion of the duodenum is ______

A

adrenal gland = superomedial
liver = superolateral
right colic flexure = inferior
2nd portion of duodenum = medial

64
Q

in relation to the left kidney:

adrenal gland and spleen are ___
pancreatic tail is ___
left colic flexure is ___

A

adrenal gland & spleen = superior
pancreatic tail = anterior to the upper pole
left colic flexure = inferior

65
Q

3 muscles on the posterior aspect of the kidneys

A

diaphragm
psoas muscle
quadratus lumborum

66
Q

at the hilum of the kidney:

vein exits ___
artery enters ___
ureter exits ___

A

vein = anteriorly
artery = between vein and ureter
ureter = posteriorly

67
Q

arcuate arteries run ____ to capsule, all other arteries run ____

A

arcuate = parallel
all other renal arteries = perpendicular

68
Q

ectopic kidney is also known as

A

pelvic kidney

69
Q

ectopic kidney results from

A

failure of the kidneys to “ascend” into the abdomen from the pelvis

70
Q

with ectopic kidneys, there is an increased incidence of (3)

A

UPJ obstruction
ureteral reflux
multicystic renal dysplasia

71
Q

horseshoe kidney lies ___ in the abdomen

A

lower

72
Q

unilateral renal agenesis may be associated with VACTERL syndrome and MURCS syndrome
what does VACTERL and MURCS stand for?

A

vertebral defects
anal atresia
cardiovascular anomalies
tracheoesophageal fistula
renal anomalies
limb defects

mullerian agenesis
renal agenesis
cervicothoracic somite abnormalities

73
Q

bladder apex is connected to the umbilicus by the

A

median umbilical ligament (urachus)

74
Q

renal RI is commonly use to (3)

A

evaluate renal transplant rejection
assess suspected hydronephrosis
evaluate renal disease

75
Q

RI equation

A

RI = (PSV - EDV) / PSV

76
Q

normal renal RI

A

< 0.7

ARDMS ABD A&P (14 decks)

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