Breast A&P Flashcards
skin thickness of breast
0.5 to 2mm
what is the medical term for milk glands?
lobules
ampulla
nipple
2 types of breast tissue
glandular
stromal
3 layers/zones of the breast
premammary
mammary
retromammary
what does the premammary zone contain?
fat and Cooper’s ligaments
the mammary layer contains
the functional elements of the breast
the retromammary layer is similar to the _____________ and contains
premammary layer
less fat, Cooper ligaments usually not seen
the pectoral muscles are best imaged in the ____ plane
transverse
what does TDLU stand for?
terminal ductal lobular unit
TDLU is the _____ made of 30 to 50 _______ cells
functional unit of the breast made up of acinar cells
non-lactating breast duct measures
less than 3mm
lactating breast duct measures
less than 8 mm
the site where most breast abnormalities arise
TDLU
what separates the breast into superficial and deep tissues?
fascia
superficial fascia = premammary fascia
deep fascia = retromammary fascia
about ____ to ____ lactiferous ducts converge towards the ampulla
15 to 20
part of the mammary tissue that extends into the upper outer quadrant and axilla area
tail of Spence
breast are an ____ gland that produces milk ___ to ___ days postpartum
exocrine gland that produces milk 2 to 3 days postpartum
levels rise during the first half of the cycle and stimulate ductal proliferation
estrogen
levels rise with ovulation
and stimulate lobular proliferation
progesterone
prolactin inhibitors are produced by the _____ gland
hypothalamus
prolactin is produced by the _____ gland
pituitary gland
oxytocin is produced by the ____ gland and causes ________ with lactation
pituitary gland
causes ductal contraction with lactation
what is polythelia?
accessory nipple
most polythelia appear along the ____ and more than 90% are ____ to the normal ampulla
along the milk line
most are inferior to the normal nipple
what is the most common congenital anomaly of the breast in both females and males?
polythelia
what is polymastia?
accessory breast tissue
supernumerary breasts
____ is the most common site of polymastia
axilla
most polymastia forms without a _____
ampulla
caused by the tethering and shortening of ducts behind the ampulla
nipple inversion
what is amazia?
absence of development of functional breast tissue
what is amastia?
failure of the breast and nipple to develop
3 breast arteries
- internal mammary artery
- intercostal artery
- lateral thoracic artery
venous drainage of breast (3)
superior vena cava
axillary vein
superficial veins
ultrasound appearance of Cooper’s ligaments
highly echogenic
_____ layer of the breast differs in appearance with age
mammary
the subcutaneous and retromammary layers appear
hypoechoic
6 layers of breast tissue
- skin
- premammary
- mammary
- retromammary
- pectoral muscles
- chest wall
young breasts will have ____ tissue and _______ echogenic pattern
fibrous tissue and dense echogenic pattern
pregnant or lactating breast will be _____ and _____ and have ____ echogenic interfaces
larger and denser
less echogenic interfaces
mature breasts are when
fatty tissue begins to replace glandular tissue
post menopausal breasts have _____ and less _____
ducts atrophy and less fibrous tissue
_____% of cancers are found through lumps felt during BSE
70%
breast self exams (BSE) begin monthly at what age?
20 years old
clinical breast exam (CBE) occur
every ___ years for ages 20 to 39
every 3 years
clinical breast exams are done annually for patients _____ years old
40+ years old
benign mass characteristics (2)
some mobility and compressible
malignant mass characteristics (3)
firmly fixed, non-compressible, and hypervascular
when power doppler is on and the patient hums - normal tissue vibrates and lights up
fremitus
best ultrasound transducer for breast
5 to 18MHz linear transducer
what is the ideal thickness for a stand-off pad for a breast ultrasound?
1 cm
4 things to include when labeling a breast mass
- right or left
- area - clock position, quadrant
- how many cm from nipple
- radial or antiradial, SAG or TRV
radial, antiradial, SAG or TRV?
radial
radial, antiradial, SAG or TRV
antiradial
radial, antiradial, SAG or TRV
TRV
radial, antiradial, SAG or TRV
SAG
where are most breast tumors found?
upper, outer quadrants
where do most breast tumors originate?
ducts
