Male Pelvis A&P Flashcards
testicles begin to develop in the upper abdomen near the _____
kidneys
at ___ weeks the testicles descend into the pelvis
4
at ___ weeks the testicles descend to the scrotum
28 weeks
what is cryptorchidism?
undescended testicle
normal SAG measurement of a testicle
3 to 5 cm
normal TRV measurement of a testicle
2 to 4 cm
normal AP measurement of a testicle
3 cm
what is the endocrine function of the testicles?
produce testosterone
what is the exocrine function of the testicles?
produce sperm for reproduction
at what temperature does the scrotum keep the testes at?
93.2 F or 34 C
what separates the scrotum externally?
median raphe
what separates the scrotum internally?
tunica dartos
what muscle alters the position of the testicle?
cremaster muscle
what muscle works in conjunction with the cremaster muscle to elevate the testicles?
dartos muscle
normal scrotal wall thickness
2 to 8 mm
_____ lines the inner walls of the scrotum
tunica vaginalis
the tunica vaginalis consists of what two layers?
parietal - inner lining of the scrotal wall
visceral - surrounds testis and epididymis
what is a hydrocele?
scrotal fluid collections
where are most hydroceles found?
between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis
____ is the innermost membrane that covers the testis
tunica albuginea
what is mediastinum testis?
posterior thickening of the tunica albuginea
where does spermatogenesis occur?
seminiferous tubules
the rete testis is located within the ____
mediastinum
________ carry seminal fluid from the rete testis to the epididymis
efferent ductules
coiled structure that is attached to the testicle and the posterior scrotal wall
epididymis
where is sperm stored to mature?
epididymis
normal length of the epididymis
6 to 7 cm
normal head diameter of the epididymis
10 to 15 mm
normal body and tail diameter of the epididymis
2 to 5 mm
the head of the epididymis is called the____
globes major
how many efferent ducts does the epididymis have?
10 to 15 efferent ducts
the ____ of the epididymis transports sperm into the vas deferens
tail of the epididymis
what connects the epididymis to the seminal vesicles?
vas deferens
seminal vesicles are located ____ to the bladder and ____ to the prostate
posterior to the bladder
superior to the prostate
the seminal vesicles produce _____ fluid that becomes part of semen
alkaline
area within the prostatic urethra where the ejaculatory ducts meet
verumontanum
3 regions of the urethra in males
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy (penile) urethra
what gland secretes pre ejaculate fluid?
bulbourethral gland
aka Cowper’s gland
is the prostate a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal organ?
retroperitoneal
what produces and secretes an alkaline fluid that constitutes 13 to 15% of volume of semen
prostate
normal length of the prostate
3.5 cm
normal width of the prostate
4 cm
normal AP measurement of the prostate
2.5 cm
what formula is used to calculate the volume of the prostate?
Ellipsoid formula
what is the Ellipsoid formula?
calculate prostate volume
Ht x W x L x 0.52
does the prostate increase or decrease in size in patients 40+ years old?
increase
2 prostatic tissue
glandular epithelial cells (70%)
fibromuscular tissue (30%)
what are the 3 zones of the glandular portion of the prostate?
peripheral 70%
central 25%
transitional 5%
the ____ zone of the prostate is the area that is closest to the rectum
peripheral
tumors in the _____ zone can easily be felt by a doctor during a digital recital exam (DRE)
peripheral zone
what is the location of most prostate cancer?
peripheral zone
the _____ zone is the area that is farthest from the rectum
central
tumors in this prostate zone cannot be felt
central zone
the transitional zone is the area that surrounds the ___
urethra
what is the site of origin of BPH?
transitional zone
normal level of prostate specific antigen (PSA)
less than 4 ng/ml
benign/suspicious value of PSA
4 to 10 ng/ml
cancerous value of PSA
more than 10 ng/ml
an increase in prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) indicates
prostate cancer
what covers the corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa?
buck fascia
corpus ____ contains the urethra
corpus spongiosum
corpus ____ is paired erectile tissue
corpus cavernosa
what artery is a tributary of the internal iliac artery?
internal pudendal artery
the ___ branches into the deep (penile) artery
internal pudendal artery
what artery provides blood supply to the corpus cavernosa?
deep/penile artery
what artery is located within the corpus cavernosa bilaterally?
cavernosa arteries
what is the first branch of the testicular arteries?
capsular artery
the capsular artery gives rise to the _____ artery
centripetal (intratesticular)
what arteries carry blood toward the mediastinum?
centripetal
what arteries carry blood into the testis?
centrifugal arteries
aka recurrent rami
what artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery and supplies the epididymis and vas deferens?
differential artery
the _____ artery is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies the coverings of the spermatic cord
cremasteris artery
aka external spermatic
venous drainage of the male genitals is performed through the ______
pampiniform plexus
the right testicular vein empties into the _____
IVC
the left testicular vein empties into the ____
left renal vein
the spermatic cord contains (5)
- pampiniform plexus of veins
- testicular, differential, and cremasteric arteries
- lymphatics
- vas deferens
- nerves
mediastinum testis ultrasound appearance
echogenic line
the epididymis head appears ____ and the body appears ____
head = white
body = black
what is corpora amylacea?
calcifications in the prostate
what is the Eiffel Tower sign?
shadowing created by the calcification in the area of the urethra and verumontanum
perform _____ when varicocele is suspected in the scrotum
valsalva
best transducer to scan the scrotum/testes
7.5 to 14 MHz+ linear
what is an appendix testis?
remnant if the müllerian duct (paramesonephric duct) located on the superior pole of the testis
what is an appendix epididymis?
remnant of the müllerian duct that is iso-hypoechoic to the epididymis
80% of cryptorchidism is found in the ____
inguinal canal
cryptorchidism is more common in
premature babies
people with cryptorchidism are more likely to develop _____ and ____
testicular cancer and testicular torsion
cryptorchidism is bilateral in ___ to ___% of cases
10 to 25%
what is orchiopexy?
operation to bring an undescended testis into scrotum
at what age is orchiopexy usually done?
2 to 10 years old
what is anorchia?
congenital absence of the testicle
anorchia is more common on the ____ side
left
anorchia is caused by ____ or ____
intrauterine testicular torsion or other forms of decrease vascular supply to testis in utero
what is polyorchidism?
congenital testicular duplication
polyorchidism is more common on the _____ side
left
large branch of the testicular artery that courses through the mediastinum in 50% of men
transmediastinal artery
best transducer to scan the prostate TA
3 to 5 MHz curved
TA prostate scan needs a ____ bladder
full
transrectal/endorectal scan of the prostate needs a _____ bladder
empty
best transducer for an endorectal prostate scan
5MHz or higher intracavitary probe
what needs to be done prior to a endorectal prostate scan?
enemas
what is an enema?
injection of fluids used to cleanse or stimulate the emptying of the bowel
what is the best position for a transrectal prostate scan?
patient on left side with knees to chest
indicators for prostate exam (6)
- elevated PSA and PAP
- urinary frequency
- poor urinary system
- enlarged prostate
- pain in back, thighs, or pelvis
- pus or blood in urine or semen
the prostate gland primarily receive arterial blood from the ____
inferior vesical artery
