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ARDMS ABD A&P > Male Pelvis A&P > Flashcards

Male Pelvis A&P Flashcards

1
Q

testicles begin to develop in the upper abdomen near the _____

A

kidneys

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2
Q

at ___ weeks the testicles descend into the pelvis

A

4

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3
Q

at ___ weeks the testicles descend to the scrotum

A

28 weeks

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4
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

undescended testicle

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5
Q

normal SAG measurement of a testicle

A

3 to 5 cm

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6
Q

normal TRV measurement of a testicle

A

2 to 4 cm

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7
Q

normal AP measurement of a testicle

A

3 cm

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8
Q

what is the endocrine function of the testicles?

A

produce testosterone

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9
Q

what is the exocrine function of the testicles?

A

produce sperm for reproduction

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10
Q

at what temperature does the scrotum keep the testes at?

A

93.2 F or 34 C

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11
Q

what separates the scrotum externally?

A

median raphe

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12
Q

what separates the scrotum internally?

A

tunica dartos

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13
Q

what muscle alters the position of the testicle?

A

cremaster muscle

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14
Q

what muscle works in conjunction with the cremaster muscle to elevate the testicles?

A

dartos muscle

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15
Q

normal scrotal wall thickness

A

2 to 8 mm

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16
Q

_____ lines the inner walls of the scrotum

A

tunica vaginalis

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17
Q

the tunica vaginalis consists of what two layers?

A

parietal - inner lining of the scrotal wall
visceral - surrounds testis and epididymis

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18
Q

what is a hydrocele?

A

scrotal fluid collections

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19
Q

where are most hydroceles found?

A

between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis

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20
Q

____ is the innermost membrane that covers the testis

A

tunica albuginea

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21
Q

what is mediastinum testis?

A

posterior thickening of the tunica albuginea

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22
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

the rete testis is located within the ____

A

mediastinum

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24
Q

________ carry seminal fluid from the rete testis to the epididymis

A

efferent ductules

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25
Q

coiled structure that is attached to the testicle and the posterior scrotal wall

A

epididymis

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26
Q

where is sperm stored to mature?

A

epididymis

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27
Q

normal length of the epididymis

A

6 to 7 cm

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28
Q

normal head diameter of the epididymis

A

10 to 15 mm

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29
Q

normal body and tail diameter of the epididymis

A

2 to 5 mm

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30
Q

the head of the epididymis is called the____

A

globes major

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31
Q

how many efferent ducts does the epididymis have?

A

10 to 15 efferent ducts

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32
Q

the ____ of the epididymis transports sperm into the vas deferens

A

tail of the epididymis

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33
Q

what connects the epididymis to the seminal vesicles?

A

vas deferens

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34
Q

seminal vesicles are located ____ to the bladder and ____ to the prostate

A

posterior to the bladder
superior to the prostate

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35
Q

the seminal vesicles produce _____ fluid that becomes part of semen

A

alkaline

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36
Q

area within the prostatic urethra where the ejaculatory ducts meet

A

verumontanum

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37
Q

3 regions of the urethra in males

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy (penile) urethra

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38
Q

what gland secretes pre ejaculate fluid?

A

bulbourethral gland
aka Cowper’s gland

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39
Q

is the prostate a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal organ?

A

retroperitoneal

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40
Q

what produces and secretes an alkaline fluid that constitutes 13 to 15% of volume of semen

A

prostate

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41
Q

normal length of the prostate

A

3.5 cm

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42
Q

normal width of the prostate

A

4 cm

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43
Q

normal AP measurement of the prostate

A

2.5 cm

44
Q

what formula is used to calculate the volume of the prostate?

A

Ellipsoid formula

45
Q

what is the Ellipsoid formula?

A

calculate prostate volume

Ht x W x L x 0.52

46
Q

does the prostate increase or decrease in size in patients 40+ years old?

A

increase

47
Q

2 prostatic tissue

A

glandular epithelial cells (70%)
fibromuscular tissue (30%)

48
Q

what are the 3 zones of the glandular portion of the prostate?

A

peripheral 70%
central 25%
transitional 5%

49
Q

the ____ zone of the prostate is the area that is closest to the rectum

A

peripheral

50
Q

tumors in the _____ zone can easily be felt by a doctor during a digital recital exam (DRE)

A

peripheral zone

51
Q

what is the location of most prostate cancer?

A

peripheral zone

52
Q

the _____ zone is the area that is farthest from the rectum

A

central

53
Q

tumors in this prostate zone cannot be felt

A

central zone

54
Q

the transitional zone is the area that surrounds the ___

A

urethra

55
Q

what is the site of origin of BPH?

A

transitional zone

56
Q

normal level of prostate specific antigen (PSA)

A

less than 4 ng/ml

57
Q

benign/suspicious value of PSA

A

4 to 10 ng/ml

58
Q

cancerous value of PSA

A

more than 10 ng/ml

59
Q

an increase in prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) indicates

A

prostate cancer

60
Q

what covers the corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa?

A

buck fascia

61
Q

corpus ____ contains the urethra

A

corpus spongiosum

62
Q

corpus ____ is paired erectile tissue

A

corpus cavernosa

63
Q

what artery is a tributary of the internal iliac artery?

A

internal pudendal artery

64
Q

the ___ branches into the deep (penile) artery

A

internal pudendal artery

65
Q

what artery provides blood supply to the corpus cavernosa?

A

deep/penile artery

66
Q

what artery is located within the corpus cavernosa bilaterally?

A

cavernosa arteries

67
Q

what is the first branch of the testicular arteries?

A

capsular artery

68
Q

the capsular artery gives rise to the _____ artery

A

centripetal (intratesticular)

69
Q

what arteries carry blood toward the mediastinum?

A

centripetal

70
Q

what arteries carry blood into the testis?

A

centrifugal arteries
aka recurrent rami

71
Q

what artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery and supplies the epididymis and vas deferens?

A

differential artery

72
Q

the _____ artery is a branch of the external iliac artery and supplies the coverings of the spermatic cord

A

cremasteris artery
aka external spermatic

73
Q

venous drainage of the male genitals is performed through the ______

A

pampiniform plexus

74
Q

the right testicular vein empties into the _____

A

IVC

75
Q

the left testicular vein empties into the ____

A

left renal vein

76
Q

the spermatic cord contains (5)

A
  1. pampiniform plexus of veins
  2. testicular, differential, and cremasteric arteries
  3. lymphatics
  4. vas deferens
  5. nerves
77
Q

mediastinum testis ultrasound appearance

A

echogenic line

78
Q

the epididymis head appears ____ and the body appears ____

A

head = white
body = black

79
Q

what is corpora amylacea?

A

calcifications in the prostate

80
Q

what is the Eiffel Tower sign?

A

shadowing created by the calcification in the area of the urethra and verumontanum

81
Q

perform _____ when varicocele is suspected in the scrotum

A

valsalva

82
Q

best transducer to scan the scrotum/testes

A

7.5 to 14 MHz+ linear

83
Q

what is an appendix testis?

A

remnant if the müllerian duct (paramesonephric duct) located on the superior pole of the testis

84
Q

what is an appendix epididymis?

A

remnant of the müllerian duct that is iso-hypoechoic to the epididymis

85
Q

80% of cryptorchidism is found in the ____

A

inguinal canal

86
Q

cryptorchidism is more common in

A

premature babies

87
Q

people with cryptorchidism are more likely to develop _____ and ____

A

testicular cancer and testicular torsion

88
Q

cryptorchidism is bilateral in ___ to ___% of cases

A

10 to 25%

89
Q

what is orchiopexy?

A

operation to bring an undescended testis into scrotum

90
Q

at what age is orchiopexy usually done?

A

2 to 10 years old

91
Q

what is anorchia?

A

congenital absence of the testicle

92
Q

anorchia is more common on the ____ side

A

left

93
Q

anorchia is caused by ____ or ____

A

intrauterine testicular torsion or other forms of decrease vascular supply to testis in utero

94
Q

what is polyorchidism?

A

congenital testicular duplication

95
Q

polyorchidism is more common on the _____ side

A

left

96
Q

large branch of the testicular artery that courses through the mediastinum in 50% of men

A

transmediastinal artery

97
Q

best transducer to scan the prostate TA

A

3 to 5 MHz curved

98
Q

TA prostate scan needs a ____ bladder

A

full

99
Q

transrectal/endorectal scan of the prostate needs a _____ bladder

A

empty

100
Q

best transducer for an endorectal prostate scan

A

5MHz or higher intracavitary probe

101
Q

what needs to be done prior to a endorectal prostate scan?

A

enemas

102
Q

what is an enema?

A

injection of fluids used to cleanse or stimulate the emptying of the bowel

103
Q

what is the best position for a transrectal prostate scan?

A

patient on left side with knees to chest

104
Q

indicators for prostate exam (6)

A
  1. elevated PSA and PAP
  2. urinary frequency
  3. poor urinary system
  4. enlarged prostate
  5. pain in back, thighs, or pelvis
  6. pus or blood in urine or semen
105
Q

the prostate gland primarily receive arterial blood from the ____

A

inferior vesical artery

ARDMS ABD A&P (14 decks)

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