Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the kidneys?

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the renal cortex contain?

A
  • glomeruli
  • proximal convoluted tubules
  • distal convoluted tubules
  • medullary rays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are medullary rays?

A

collection of loops of Henle and collecting ducts that originate from the nephrons that have their renal corpuscles in the outer part of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the renal medulla contain?

A
  • loops of Henle

- collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

tuft of convoluted fenestrated capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the glomerulus lined by?

A

podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 3 layers of the glomerular basement membrane?

A
  • fenestrated capillary endothelial cells
  • basement membrane
  • foot processes of podocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are podocytes made of and what do they do?

A
  • made of several proteins

- project onto basement membrane, creating a gap where filtrates can pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the components of the JGA?

A
  • granular cells
  • macula densa
  • lacis cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of the granular cells in the JGA?

A
  • sense blood pressure
  • secrete renin in response to low blood pressure
  • interact with cells of macula densa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of the macula densa cells in the JGA?

A
  • regulates tubuloglomerular feedback
    • senses NaCl concentration
    • if filtration is slow, more sodium is absorbed
    • sends signal to reduce afferent arteriole resistance & increase glomerular filtration
  • interact with granular cells to cause renin secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the PCT reabsorb?

A
  • NaCl
  • proteins, polypeptides, AAs
  • glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the PCT?

A

simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the structure of the PCT

A
  • round central/basal nuclei
  • brush border of microvilli at apical end on luminal surface
  • lots of mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the loops of Henle?

A

thin segments: simple squamous

thick segments: low cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the DCT?

A
  • regulates acid-base

- regulates sodium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does the DCT regulate acid-base?

A
  • secretes H+
  • absorbs HCO3-
    via cellular carbonic anhydrase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does the DCT regulate sodium levels?

A

exchanges Na+ for K+

mediated by aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the DCT?

A

low cuboidal

20
Q

what are the similarities between the PCT and DCT?

A
  • cuboidal epithelium

- lots of mitochondria

21
Q

what are the differences between the PCT and DCT?

A
  • DCT has very few microvilli (=> no prominent brush border)

- DCT is much shorter

22
Q

what are the functions of the collecting duct and which cell performs each function?

A
  • water reabsorption (principal)
  • sodium balance (principal)
  • acid-base balance (intercalated)
23
Q

what are the shape of nuclei in collecting ducts?

A

round central

24
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the collecting ducts?

A

cuboidal

25
Q

what cells are found in the epithelia of collecting ducts?

A
  • principal cells

- intercalated cells

26
Q

what are the functions of the principal cells in the collecting ducts?

A
  • respond to aldosterone by exchanging Na+ for K+

- respond to ADH by increasing insertion of aquaporins into apical membrane

27
Q

what are the functions of the intercalated cells in the collecting ducts?

A

alpha cells: secrete acid

beta cells: secrete bicarbonate

28
Q

what is the function of the renal pelvis?

A

transmits filtrate from nephron to ureter

29
Q

what type of epithelia lines the renal pelvis?

A

urothelium

30
Q

where is urothelium found?

A

collection and drainage parts of urinary tract

31
Q

what is urothelium?

A

multi-layered stratified epithelium

  • umbrella cells on surface
  • overlies pseudostratified layer of polygonal cells
32
Q

what are the functions of urothelium?

A
  • tight intracellular junctions prevent passage of urine

- can stretch in 3 dimensions

33
Q

what is the function of the ureter/

A

convey urine via peristalsis from kidney to bladder

34
Q

what is the ureter lined by?

A

urothelium

35
Q

describe the structure of ureters

A
  • spiral muscular tube

- loose fibrocollagenous adventitia

36
Q

what are the layers of the spiral muscular tube in the ureter?

A
  • smooth muscular coat
  • inner - longitudinal
  • outer - circular
37
Q

what is the bladder lined by?

A

urothelium

38
Q

what are the layers of the bladder?

A
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis propria
  • subserosa
  • serosa
39
Q

where is the muscularis propria most easily discerned in the bladder?

A

bladder neck

40
Q

what creates the valve in the bladder?

A

passage through muscularis propria

41
Q

how long is the urethra in females?

A

4-5cm

42
Q

what is the female urethra lined by?

A

proximally - urothelium

distally - non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

43
Q

what glands open into the female urethra?

A

paraurethral and periurethral glands

44
Q

how long is the male urethra?

A

20cm

45
Q

what are the divisions of the male urethra and what are they lined by?

A

prostatic: urothelium
membranous: urothelium
penile:
- proximally: pseudostratified
- distally: stratified squamous

46
Q

describe the blood supply to the kidney

A
  1. abdominal aorta
  2. renal (L1)
  3. anterior & posterior segmental
  4. interlobar
  5. arcuate
  6. interlobular
  7. afferent arterioles (feed into glomerulus)
47
Q

describe the passage of blood leaving the glomerulus

A
  1. efferent arteriole
  2. peritubular capillaries
  3. vasa recta
  4. renal veins
  5. inferior vena cava

Histology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions