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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are connective tissue cells derived from?

A
  • undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

- can derive from haematopoetic stem cell line

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2
Q

describe the structure of connective tissue cells

A
  • scaffold of extracellular fibres

- jelly-like matrix

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3
Q

what do connective tissue cells contain?

A
  • collagen

- elastin

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4
Q

what makes connective tissues amorphous?

A
  • high molecular weight
  • strongly hydrophilic
  • negatively charged
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5
Q

what cells are in connective tissues?

A
  • fibroblasts

- adipose cells

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6
Q

what are the visible fibres in connective tissues?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • reticulin
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7
Q

what does the ground substance (hydrophilic jelly) of connective tissues contain?

A
  • proteoglycans
  • glycosaminoglycans
  • invisible fibres (e.g. laminin, fibronectin)
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8
Q

what does the ground substance (hydrophilic jelly) of connective tissues contain?

A
  • proteoglycans
  • glycosaminoglycans
  • invisible fibres (e.g. laminin, fibronectin)
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9
Q

what is fibrous connective tissue?

A

contains large numbers of fibres such as collagen, elastin or reticulin

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10
Q

what is fatty connective tissue?

A

contains mainly fat cells with intervening blood vessels (particularly capillaries)

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11
Q

what is hard connective tissue?

A

various forms of bone

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12
Q

what is soft connective tissue?

A
  • flexible and gel-like

- interspersed between major tissue elements

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13
Q

what are the types of soft connective tissue?

A
  • fibrous

- fatty

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14
Q

what are the types of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • loose

- dense

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15
Q

what are the types of fatty connective tissue?

A
  • white

- brown

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16
Q

what are the types of hard connective tissue?

A
  • cartilage

- bone

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17
Q

describe the structure of collagen

A
  • individual collagen fibrils consisting of overlapping linear strands of tropocollagen
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18
Q

what is tropocollagen?

A

3 linear polypeptide chains wound together in alpha helix

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19
Q

what synthesises tropocollagen?

A

fibroblasts

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20
Q

where is type I collagen?

A
  • skin
  • tendons
  • ligaments
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21
Q

where is type II collagen?

A

cartilage

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22
Q

where is type III collagen?

A
  • liver
  • bone marrow
  • spleen
  • kidney
  • lymph nodes
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23
Q

where is type IV collagen?

A

basement membranes

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24
Q

where is type V collagen?

A

placenta

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25
Q

does collagen stain with H&E?

A

yes

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26
Q

how is collagen identified histologically?

A
  • variable thickness and length
  • often run in bundles
  • no nuclei
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27
Q

what is reticulin?

A

type III collagen

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28
Q

what is the function of reticulin?

A

supporting scaffold in organs

29
Q

how is reticulin identified histologically?

A
  • forms branched fibres instead of linear

- not visible on H&E (silver)

30
Q

what is the histological difference between loose and dense connective tissue?

A

dense:

  • closer spaced and thicker collagen ribres
  • may be irregular
31
Q

what are the histological similarities between loose and dense connective tissue?

A
  • fibroblasts

- unstained ground substance between fibroblasts

32
Q

what does elastic tissue contain?

A
  • fine fibres

- sheets of elastin

33
Q

what is elastin produced by?

A

fibroblasts

34
Q

does elastin stain on H&E?

A

yes

- pink

35
Q

what is the histological difference between elastin and muscle cells/collagen?

A
  • stains more deeply

- can produce glassy appearance

36
Q

what is the histological difference between white and brown adipose tissue?

A

white: single fat globule in each cell
brown: multiple globules of fat in each cell

37
Q

what is the functional difference between white and brown adipose tissue?

A

white: insulation, shock absorber
brown: generates heat (thermoregulation)

38
Q

where is brown adipose tissue found?

A

across shoulders and down back of newborns

39
Q

describe the structure of cartilage

A
  • dense glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix containing variable amounts of collagen and elastic tissue
  • surrounded by perichondrium
40
Q

what is perichondrium?

A

fibrocollaginous capsule

41
Q

what are the properties of cartilage?

A
  • flexible
  • compressible
  • hard-wearing
42
Q

where are chondroblasts found and what do they mature into?

A
  • matrix of cartilage

- chondrocytes

43
Q

what does the perichondrium contain?

A

undifferentiated progenitor cells capable of differentiating into chondroblasts

44
Q

what is found in the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

A
  • glycosaminoglycans

- proteoglycans

45
Q

give 2 examples of extracellular fibres

A
  • collagen

- elastin

46
Q

does cartilage have its own blood supply?

A

no

47
Q

what are the main types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrous
48
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • synovial joints
  • articular surfaces
  • ‘rings’ of trachea
  • cartilages of larynx
49
Q

does hyaline cartilage stain on H&E?

A

very poorly

50
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A
  • pinna of the ear

- epiglottis

51
Q

what is the structure of elastic cartilage?

A

irregularly arranged visible fibres of elastin in matrix

52
Q

what is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • GAG-rich matrix that appears glassy

- fine fibrils of collagen and elastin

53
Q

is elastic cartilage visible on H&E?

A

yes

- more visible under silver stain (highlights elastic fibres)

54
Q

where is fibrous cartilage found?

A
  • annulus fibrosus
  • pubic symphysis
  • inter-vertebral discs
55
Q

what is the structure of fibrous cartilage?

A

visible collagen fibres (often in distinct bands) in matrix

56
Q

what is synovium?

A

connective tissue lining the inside of a synovial joint capsule

57
Q

how many layers of synovial cells is typically in synovium?

A

1-4

58
Q

what are type A synovial cells?

A

phagocytes

59
Q

what are type B synovial cells?

A
  • rich in RER

- secrete synovial fluid

60
Q

what shape are synovial cells?

A

variable

- squamous to cuboidal

61
Q

what are the types of muscle?

A
  • visceral (smooth)
  • voluntary (skeletal)
  • cardiac
62
Q

where is visceral muscle found?

A
  • arterial walls
  • intestinal walls
  • airways of lungs
63
Q

where is skeletal muscle found?

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • larynx
  • diaphragm
64
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A
  • heart

- base of great vessels

65
Q

what are other contractile cells?

A
  • pericytes
  • myo-fibroblasts
  • myo-epithelial cells
66
Q

where are pericytes found?

A

alongside some small blood vessels (e.g. veins, venules)

67
Q

what is the function of myo-fibroblasts?

A

involved in scar formation

68
Q

what is the function of myo-epithelial cells?

A
  • assist expression of milk during lactation

Histology (16 decks)

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