Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what are some common features of the endocrine system?

A
  • glandular epithelium (except posterior pituitary)
  • richly vascularised
  • secrete variety of hormones
  • controlled by positive and negative feedback loops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

coordinates the endocrine organs through feedback loops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the functional components of the pituitary gland and what is their structure?

A

posterior pituitary - downgrowth of hypothalamus

anterior pituitary - epithelial structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what neural tissue does the posterior pituitary contain?

A
  • axons

- glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the posterior pituitary store and secrete?

A
  • oxytocin

- ADH (vasopressin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what stain would you use to see the nested architecture of the pituitary?

A

reticulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what pituicytes are present in the anterior pituitary and what is their prevalence?

A 
50% somatotrophs
25% lactotrophs
15-20% corticotrophs
10% gonadotrophs
1% thyrotrophs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do somatotrophs secrete?

A

GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do lactotrophs secrete?

A

prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do corticotrophs secrete?

A

ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do gonadotrophs secrete?

A
  • FSH

- LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are somatotrophs primarily found?

A

lateral wings of anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the shape of lactotrophs?

A
  • polygonal

- cytoplasmic processes wrap around other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the shape of thyrotrophs?

A
  • angular chromophobes

- elongated cytoplasmic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the shape of gonadotrophs?

A

scattered round/oval cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what could you use to stain gonadotrophs?

A
  • α subunit
    • common to LH and FSH
  • β unit of LH
  • β unit of FSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the shape of corticotrophs?

A
  • round basophilic cells

- large cytoplasmic vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are corticotrophs primarily found?

A

middle of gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what colour do corticotrophs stain on H&E?

A

dark purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are sustentacular cells?

A

supporting cells that surround normal follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what would you use to stain sustentacular cells?

A

S100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a pituitary adenoma?

A

benign tumour of the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what can happen when the pituitary enlarges due to tumorous growth?

A
  1. sella turcica expands
  2. tumour grows out of sella turcica
  3. compresses optic chiasm
25
Q

describe the histological structure of adenomas

A
  • lose nestled architecture
  • pituicytes arranged in rosettes
    • central area of fibrillary material and capillary
26
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

conical structure just below posterior end of corpus callosum

27
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

28
Q

what is the shape of the nuclei in the pineal gland?

A

central round

29
Q

describe the histological structure of the pineal gland

A
  • arranged in rosettes

- several pinealocytes arranged around central fabrillary area

30
Q

what does the thyroid gland contain?

A
  • follicular cells

- colloid

31
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce?

A
  • thyroxine

- calcitonin

32
Q

what do follicular epithelial cells in the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroxine

33
Q

what do C-cells in the thyroid gland secrete?

A

calcitonin

34
Q

what do the parathyroid glands produce?

A

PTH

35
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

36
Q

what are the cell types found in the parathyroid glands?

A
  • chief cells
  • oxyphils
  • adipocytes
37
Q

describe the histological structure of chief cells

A
  • small polygonal cells

- scant cytoplasm

38
Q

what cells in the parathyroid glands secrete PTH?

A

chief cells

39
Q

describe the histological structure of oxyphil cells

A
  • large polygonal cells

- abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm

40
Q

which organ houses the islets of langerhans?

A

pancreas (mainly in tail)

41
Q

describe the histological structure of the islets of langerhans

A
  • balls of cells

- surrounded by thin fibrous capsule

42
Q

what cells are found in the islets of langerhans and what is their prevalence?

A 
70% beta-cells
20% alpha-cells
5-10% delta-cells
1-2% PP cells
<1% epsilon
43
Q

what do beta cells secrete and what is their action?

A

insulin

- lowers blood glucose conc.

44
Q

what do alpha cells secrete and what is their function?

A

glucagon

- stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis → raise blood glucose conc.

45
Q

what do delta cells secrete and what is their function?

A

somatostatin

- Inhibits gastric parietal cells → slows gastric acid secretion

46
Q

what do PP cells secrete and what is their function?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

  • Reduces gut mobility
  • delays gastric emptying
47
Q

what do epsilon cells secrete and what is their function?

A

ghrelin

- stimulates appetite

48
Q

what are adrenal glands surrounded by?

A

adipose connective tissue

49
Q

what are the principle layers of the adrenal glands?

A
  • cortex

- medulla

50
Q

what are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
51
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa of adrenal glands produce?

A

mineralocorticoids

- aldosterone

52
Q

what does the zona fasciculata of adrenal glands produce?

A

glucocorticoids

- cortisol

53
Q

what does the zona reticularis of adrenal glands produce?

A

androgenic steroids

54
Q

describe the histological structure of the zona glomerulosa

A
  • thin, incomplete
  • small cells
  • vacuolated cytoplasm
55
Q

describe the histological structure of the zona fasciculata

A
  • most prominent layer
  • large polygonal cells
  • almost clear cytoplasm
56
Q

describe the histological structure of the zona reticularis

A

anastamosing columns of small polygonal cells

57
Q

what are the shapes of the cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

large, polyhedral chromaffin cells

58
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A
  • adrenaline

- noradrenaline

Histology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions