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Histology > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells

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2
Q

what are the functions of the nose?

A
  • filtration
  • humidification
  • warming
  • olfaction
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3
Q

what is the epithelia of the nose?

A

near opening:
- keratinising stratified squamous epithelium
further from opening:
- non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

  • respiratory epithelium
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4
Q

what produces snot in the nose and where are they found?

A

seromucinous glands

- loose fibrous connective tissue beneath epithelia

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5
Q

what do the serous glands of Bowman secrete?

A

watery fluid (to wash surface of nasal cavity clean)

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6
Q

what is the epithelium of the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

respiratory (no goblet cells)

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7
Q

what are bipolar neurons and where are they found?

A

dendrite extends to surface to become club-shaped ciliated olfactory vesicle
- found in roof of nasal cavity

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8
Q

what are the functions of the nasopharynx?

A
  • gas transport
  • humidification
  • warming
  • olfaction
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9
Q

what is the nasopharynx lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium

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10
Q

what are the nasal sinuses?

A

air filled spaces within bones of skull and facial skeleton

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11
Q

what are the functions of the nasal sinuses?

A
  • lower the weight of the skull
  • add resonance to the voice
  • humidify and warm inspired air
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12
Q

what are the nasal sinuses lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

describe the structure of the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

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14
Q

what is the function of the larynx?

A

voice production

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15
Q

what is the larynx lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium (except vocal cords)

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16
Q

describe the structure of the larynx

A
  • almost entirely hyaline cartilage

- seromucinous glands

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17
Q

what is the function of the hyaline cartilage in the larynx?

A

hold larynx open against negative pressure during inspiration

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18
Q

what are the vocal cords lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

describe the structure of the vocal cords

A
  • irregular fibrous connective tissue in Reinke’s space
  • vocal ligament
  • vocalis muscle
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20
Q

what lines the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelium

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21
Q

describe the structure of the trachea

A
  • hyaline cartilage in C-shaped rings
  • gap between rings filled by trachealis (vertical smooth muscle)
  • submucosa
22
Q

what do the bronchi and bronchioles have in common?

A
  • smooth muscle

- some basal neuroendocrine cells

23
Q

what are the differences in the structure of the bronchi and bronchioles?

A 
bronchi:
- partial cartilaginous rings
- respiratory epithelium
- seromucinous glands
- goblet cells
bronchioles:
- ciliated columnar epithelium
- few goblet cells
- clara cells
24
Q

what are the types of bronchi?

A
  • main
  • lobar
  • segmental
25
Q

describe the sequence of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

A
  1. trachea
  2. main bronchi
  3. lobar bronchi
  4. segmental bronchi
  5. terminal bronchioles
  6. respiratory bronchioles
26
Q

where are clara cells most commonly found?

A

terminal bronchioles

27
Q

describe the structure of clara cells

A
  • roughly cuboidal

- pale-staining vesicular cytoplasm

28
Q

describe the structure of respiratory bronchioles

A
  • spirally-arranged smooth muscle

- no cartilage

29
Q

what type of epithelia lines the respiratory bronchioles?

A

cuboidal ciliated

30
Q

what make up 40% of the cell population of the alveoli?

A

type 1 pneumocytes

31
Q

what makes up 90% of the surface area of the alveoli?

A

type 1 pneumocytes

32
Q

describe the structure of type 1 pneumocytes

A
  • squamous epithelial cells
  • flattened nucleus
  • few organelles
33
Q

how are type 1 pneumocytes adapted to their function?

A

very thin

34
Q

what makes up 60% of the cell population of the alveoli?

A

type 2 pneumocytes

35
Q

what makes up 5-10% of the surface area of the alveoli?

A

type 2 pneumocytes

36
Q

describe the structure of type 2 pneumocytes

A
  • round/cuboidal/columnar
  • central round nucleus
  • rich in mitochondria
  • spherical bodies
37
Q

which cells produce surfactant?

A

type 2 pneumocytes in alveoli

38
Q

what are alveolar macrophages?

A

phagocytic cells derived from blood monocytes

39
Q

what is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

phagocytose bacteria and particulate matter that have reached the alveolar air spaces

40
Q

how are alveolar macrophages removed from the lungs?

A
  • lymphatics of lungs

- mucociliary escalator

41
Q

where are alveolar macrophages found?

A
  • interstitial connective tissue of alveolar walls

- lumen of alveoli

42
Q

what is the blood-air barrier?

A

type 1 pneumocyte resting on basement membrane shared by vascular endothelial cell of an adjacent capillary

43
Q

how many layers could you say there are in the blood-air barrier?

A

2, 3, 4 or 8

44
Q

what is the interstitium?

A

loose fibrous connective tissue

- where endothelial cells are not in direct contact with pneumocytes

45
Q

what does the interstitium contain?

A
  • collagen and elastin fibres
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
46
Q

what are the pores of kohn?

A

holes in alveolar walls

47
Q

what are the functions of the pores of kohn?

A
  • equalise pressure between adjacent alveoli
  • help lungs to inflate easily and evenly during inspiration
  • allow pneumonic infection to rapidly spread to multiple alveoli
48
Q

what are the 2 layers of pleura?

A

(same membrane that reflects itself)

  • adheres to outer surface of lungs
  • adheres to inner surface of chest wall
49
Q

what type of epithelia lines the visceral pleura?

A

flattened squamous mesothelial cells

50
Q

what are the layers of connective tissue in the pleura?

A
  • irregular internal elastic layer
  • interstitial fibrocollagenous layer
  • irregular external elastic layer

Histology (16 decks)

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