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EXCI 254 final > Urinary system part 2 > Flashcards

Urinary system part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

role of the ureters

A

transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

through peristaltic contractions with contribution from the hydrostatic pressure and gravity

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2
Q

where are the ureters

A

retroperitoneal

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3
Q

how is the backflow of urine prevented

A

pressure within the bladder compressing the oblique opening into the ureter

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4
Q

what happens in the backflow of urine is not stopped

A

microbes can travel up the ureter infecting the kidneys

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5
Q

what are the 3 layers of the ureters

A

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

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6
Q

mucosa of the ureter

A

contains transitional epithelial cells and a lamina propria
allows ureter to accommodate to various volumes of fluid
mucous secreted protects the cells and prevent them from coming in contact with the urine

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7
Q

muscularis of the ureter

A

inner longitudinal fibers and outer circular fibers
distal 1/3 of the tube also has an outer longitudinal layer
major function is peristalis

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8
Q

adventitia of the ureter

A

contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

anchors the ureters in place

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9
Q

what is the urinary bladder

A

hollow distensible muscular organ located posterior to the pubic symphysis

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10
Q

where is the bladder in men and women

A

men: directly anterior to the rectum
women: anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus

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11
Q

how is the bladder held in place

A

by folds of peritoneum

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12
Q

what ahppens when the bladder is stretched vs empty

A

stretched: becomes spherical, as volume increases becomes pear shaped and rises in the abdominal cavity
empty: collapsed

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13
Q

what is the trigone

A

small triangular area at the base of the bladder formed by 2 ureteral openings and 1 urethral orifice

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14
Q

what are the layers of the bladder

A

mucosa - rugae
muscularis - detrusor muscle
adventitia

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15
Q

mucosa bladder

A

transitional epithelium and lamina propria

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16
Q

muscularis bladder

A

inner and outer longitudinal m. with intermediate circular m.
internal (circular m.) and external urethral sphincter (skeletal m.)

17
Q

adventitia bladder

A

sup. coat of the post and inf surface of the bladder continuous with the ureter

18
Q

where does the bladder expand

A

from the top

19
Q

what is micturition

A

discharge of urine from the urinary bladder

occurs through a combination of voluntary and involuntary m. contraction

20
Q

when are the stretch receptors in the bladder activated

A

when the volume > 200-400 ml

21
Q

where are the nerve impulses from the bladder sent to

A

micturition center in the spinal cord and trigger a micturition reflex

22
Q

how are the contractions of the detrusor m. activated

A

parasympathetic impulses propagate to the urinary bladder wall and internal urethral sphincter causing contraction and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter is inhibited at the same time

23
Q

what can initiate/delay the urinary reflex

A

certain m. of the pelvic floor, the cerebral cortex and learned control of the external urethral sphincter

24
Q

what is the urethra

A

small tube from the internal urethral orifice to the exterior of the body
terminal portion of the urinary system

25
Q

urethra in females

A

posterior to the pubic symphysis

directed obliquely inferior and anterior

26
Q

where is the external urethral orifice in women

A

between the clitoris and the vagina

27
Q

what forms the wall of the urethra

A

mucosa, muscularis women

deep mucosa and superficial muscularis for men

28
Q

urethra in males

A

passes through the prostate gland, urogenital diaphragm and penis

29
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the urethra in males

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

30
Q

what delivers their contents in the urethra in males

A

glands and other structures of the reproductive system

31
Q

what are the ducts connecting with th male urethra

A

ducts of the prostate gland

ducts from the seminal vesicle and vas deferens

32
Q

what is the purpose of the ducts

A

neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive system

contribute to sperm mobility and viability

33
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral gland duct

A

deliver an alkaline substance before ejaculation to neutralize acidity
secretes mucous which lubricates the end of the penis during sexual arousal
urethral glands

34
Q

what happens with aging and the urinary system

A

kidney shrinks in size
lower blood flow
filters less blood
sense of thirst is diminished so older individuals are more prone to dehydration

35
Q

what are the common effects of aging (4)

A

polyuria
nocturia
increased frequency of urination
hematuria

EXCI 254 final (10 decks)

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