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EXCI 254 final > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what composes the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

what kind of organ are the kidneys

A

retroperitoneal organ

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3
Q

where are the kidneys

A

between T12-L3

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4
Q

which kidney is higher

A

L kidney

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5
Q

what is the renal hilus

A

fissure through which the ureter, renal artery and vein, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and/or leave the kidney

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers covering the kidneys

A

renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal fascia

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7
Q

renal capsule

A

deep
forms a barrier against trauma
helps maintain the shape of the kidney

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8
Q

adipose capsule

A

intermediate
mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
protects against trauma
helps hold the kidney in place within the abdominal cavity

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9
Q

renal fascia

A

superficial
anchors the kidney to surrounding structures
deep to peritoneum

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10
Q

what is nephrotosis

A

floating kidney
inferior displacement of the kidney due too a deficient adipose capsule or renal fascia
occurs most often in very thin people
kidney is not properly held in place by adjacent structures
in serious cases ureter may kink and block the flow of urine

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11
Q

what can the backflow of urine cause

A

pressure on kidney damaging the tissue

pain from the twisted ureter

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12
Q

what are the internal structures of the kidney

A

renal lobe
parenchyma
renal sinus
renal cortex

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13
Q

what is the renal cortex

A

superficial
extends form the renal capsule to the base of the pyramids and spaces between the pyramids
renal columns

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14
Q

what are all the pyramids together called

A

renal medulla

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15
Q

what forms the renal medulla

A

8-18 cone shaped renal pyramids
base faces the renal cortex
apex: renal papilla, points towards the venter of the kidney

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16
Q

what is the renal lobe

A

area consisting of 1 renal pyramid and its overlying renal cortex
divided into an outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary zone

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17
Q

what is the parenchyma

A

functional portion of the kidney

contains millions of nephrons

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18
Q

where is urine formed

A

the nephrons

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19
Q

where does the urine go following its creation in the nephron

A

into large papillary ducts that then drain into minors calyces which in turn drain into a major calyces and then into the renal pelvis, the ureters and the urinary bladder

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20
Q

when is urine considered urine

A

when it reaches the papillary duct

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21
Q

what is the renal sinus

A

expanded area of the renal hilus

contains the calyces, part of the renal pelvis, renal blood vessels ad nerves

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22
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys

A

regulation of blood volume and composition
regulation of blood pressure
contribution to metabolism

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23
Q

how does the kidney regulate blood volume and composition

A

removes waste
formation of urine
helps control blood ph by excreting selected amounts of excess H+

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24
Q

how do the kidneys regulate blood pressure

A

secretion of the enzyme renin which activate the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in an increased blood pressure

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25
Q

how do the kidneys contribute to the metabolism

A

synthesis of new glucose molecules during periods of fasting or starvation
secretion of erythropoeitin
participates in synthesis of vitamin D

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26
Q

how much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive

A

20-20%

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27
Q

what artery does the renal artery divide into

A

the segmental aa which branch into the interlobar aa.

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28
Q

where it the arcuate aa. formed

A

at the base of the pyramids, the interlobar aa. arch between the medulla and the cortex form the arcuate aa.

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29
Q

what do the arcuate aa. branch into

A

interlobular aa. which become the afferent arterioles

30
Q

where do the afferent arterioles enter

A

the glomerulus

31
Q

what drains blood from the glomerulus

A

the efferent arteriole

32
Q

how can the afferent/efferent arterioles affect the entire systemic circulation

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles produce large changes in the renal blood flow and vascular resistance affecting the entire systemic circulation

33
Q

where do the efferent arterioles divide from

A

a network of capillaries called peritubular capillaries

34
Q

the peritubular capillaries

A

surround tubular portions of the nephron on the renal cortex
reunite to form the peritubular venules and then the interlobular veins (also receives blood from the vasa recta)
blood drains into the arcuate vv. to the interlobar vv.
blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein

35
Q

what is the vasa recta

A

extend from some efferent arteries and supply the tubular portions of the nephrons in the renal medulla

36
Q

where do the nerves supplying the kidneys originate

A

from the celiac ganglia passing through the renal plexus

37
Q

what is the role of the nerves in the kidneys

A

regulate blood flow and renal resistance by altering the diameter of the arterioles

38
Q

what is a nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney

increases in size of the kidney results from the growth of the nephrons

39
Q

what are the 3 basic functions of the nephron

A

filter blood
return useful substances to the blood so that they are not lost from the body
remove substances that are not needed by the body

40
Q

all 3 functions of the kidney result in

A

homeostasis of the blood and urine production

41
Q

what layers form the glomerular capsule

A

visceral : epithelial cells called podocytes

parietal: form the outer wall of the capsule

42
Q

podocytes wrap around

A

the glomerular capillaries and form the inner wall of the capsule

43
Q

what is the space between the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule called

A

bowman’s space

44
Q

what are cortical nephrons

A

renal corpuscles that lie in the superior portion of the cortex
short loops of Henle lie mostly in cortex and penetrate only the superficial portion of the medulla

45
Q

what is the blood supply of the cortical nephrons

A

peritubular capillaries arising from the efferent arterioles

46
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons

A

renal corpuscles the lie deep in the cortex, close to the medulla
long loops of Henle
receives blood from the peritubular capillaries (cortex) and the vasa recta (medulla)

47
Q

what is the proportion of the juxtamedullary nephrons and the cortical nephrons

A

15-20% juxtamedullary

80-85% cortical

48
Q

what is macula densa

A

sensory cells that monitor what passes through

49
Q

what cells form the wall of the afferent arterioles

A

juxtaglomerular cells

50
Q

what makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa and the JG cells

51
Q

what begins after the macula densa

A

the distal convoluted tubules

52
Q

what 2 types of cells are present in the distal convoluted tubules

A

principle cells

intercalated cells

53
Q

what is the function of principle cells

A

receptor for ADH and aldosterone

54
Q

what is the function of intercalated cells

A

plays a key role in the homeostasis of blood ph

55
Q

renal tubules drain into ___ which drain into large ___

A

collecting ducts

papillary ducts

56
Q

what are the functions of the nephrons

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

57
Q

glomerular filtration

A

more than 99% returns to bloodstream via tubular reabsorption
1-2L of urine excreted daily

58
Q

what is the glomerular filtrate

A

fluid entering the capsular space

59
Q

what is the filtration membrane

A

endothelial cells from the glomerular capillaries and podocytes form a leaky barrier

60
Q

what is allowed by the filtration membrane

A

filtration of water and small solutes but prevent filtration of most plasma proteins, platelets and blood cells

61
Q

what are the 3 layers through which filtered substances pass

A

glomerular endothelial cells
basal lamina
filtration slit formed by a podocyte

62
Q

describe glomerular endothelial cells

A

contain large fenestrations

allow solute in the blood plasma to exit the capillary but prevent filtration of blood cells and platelets

63
Q

what cells help regulate the glomerular filtration

A

mesanglial cells

64
Q

describe the basal lamina in filtration

A

layer of acellular material between the endothelium and podocyte
prevents filtration of large plasma proteins

65
Q

describe the filtration slit

A

pedicels: 1000 processes extending from each podocyte, wrap around each glomerular capillary
space between pedicels: filtration slit

66
Q

slit membrane

A

extends across each filtration slit allowing the passage of water, glucose, vitamins, amino-acids, very small plasma proteins, ammonia, urea and ions

67
Q

describe tubular reabsorption

A

returns most of the filter water and solutes into the bloodstream
mainly occurs at the proximal convoluted cells
also carried out by other renal tubules cells and ducts

68
Q

what substances are reabsorbed?

A

glucose, a-a, urea, iron, small proteins, peptides

69
Q

what slows down renal reabsorption of water

A

diuretics, increase urination rate

70
Q

describe tubular secretion

A

transfer of material from the blood and tubular cells into the tubular fluid

71
Q

what substances are secreted

A

H+, K+ and ammonium, creatine and certain drugs

72
Q

what are 2 major outcomes of secretion

A

H+ helps control blood pH

secretion of other substances help eliminate them from the body

EXCI 254 final (10 decks)

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