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EXCI 254 final > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what composes the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

what kind of organ are the kidneys

A

retroperitoneal organ

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3
Q

where are the kidneys

A

between T12-L3

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4
Q

which kidney is higher

A

L kidney

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5
Q

what is the renal hilus

A

fissure through which the ureter, renal artery and vein, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and/or leave the kidney

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers covering the kidneys

A

renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal fascia

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7
Q

renal capsule

A

deep
forms a barrier against trauma
helps maintain the shape of the kidney

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8
Q

adipose capsule

A

intermediate
mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
protects against trauma
helps hold the kidney in place within the abdominal cavity

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9
Q

renal fascia

A

superficial
anchors the kidney to surrounding structures
deep to peritoneum

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10
Q

what is nephrotosis

A

floating kidney
inferior displacement of the kidney due too a deficient adipose capsule or renal fascia
occurs most often in very thin people
kidney is not properly held in place by adjacent structures
in serious cases ureter may kink and block the flow of urine

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11
Q

what can the backflow of urine cause

A

pressure on kidney damaging the tissue

pain from the twisted ureter

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12
Q

what are the internal structures of the kidney

A

renal lobe
parenchyma
renal sinus
renal cortex

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13
Q

what is the renal cortex

A

superficial
extends form the renal capsule to the base of the pyramids and spaces between the pyramids
renal columns

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14
Q

what are all the pyramids together called

A

renal medulla

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15
Q

what forms the renal medulla

A

8-18 cone shaped renal pyramids
base faces the renal cortex
apex: renal papilla, points towards the venter of the kidney

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16
Q

what is the renal lobe

A

area consisting of 1 renal pyramid and its overlying renal cortex
divided into an outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary zone

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17
Q

what is the parenchyma

A

functional portion of the kidney

contains millions of nephrons

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18
Q

where is urine formed

A

the nephrons

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19
Q

where does the urine go following its creation in the nephron

A

into large papillary ducts that then drain into minors calyces which in turn drain into a major calyces and then into the renal pelvis, the ureters and the urinary bladder

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20
Q

when is urine considered urine

A

when it reaches the papillary duct

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21
Q

what is the renal sinus

A

expanded area of the renal hilus

contains the calyces, part of the renal pelvis, renal blood vessels ad nerves

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22
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys

A

regulation of blood volume and composition
regulation of blood pressure
contribution to metabolism

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23
Q

how does the kidney regulate blood volume and composition

A

removes waste
formation of urine
helps control blood ph by excreting selected amounts of excess H+

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24
Q

how do the kidneys regulate blood pressure

A

secretion of the enzyme renin which activate the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in an increased blood pressure

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25
how do the kidneys contribute to the metabolism
synthesis of new glucose molecules during periods of fasting or starvation secretion of erythropoeitin participates in synthesis of vitamin D
26
how much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive
20-20%
27
what artery does the renal artery divide into
the segmental aa which branch into the interlobar aa.
28
where it the arcuate aa. formed
at the base of the pyramids, the interlobar aa. arch between the medulla and the cortex form the arcuate aa.
29
what do the arcuate aa. branch into
interlobular aa. which become the afferent arterioles
30
where do the afferent arterioles enter
the glomerulus
31
what drains blood from the glomerulus
the efferent arteriole
32
how can the afferent/efferent arterioles affect the entire systemic circulation
vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles produce large changes in the renal blood flow and vascular resistance affecting the entire systemic circulation
33
where do the efferent arterioles divide from
a network of capillaries called peritubular capillaries
34
the peritubular capillaries
surround tubular portions of the nephron on the renal cortex reunite to form the peritubular venules and then the interlobular veins (also receives blood from the vasa recta) blood drains into the arcuate vv. to the interlobar vv. blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein
35
what is the vasa recta
extend from some efferent arteries and supply the tubular portions of the nephrons in the renal medulla
36
where do the nerves supplying the kidneys originate
from the celiac ganglia passing through the renal plexus
37
what is the role of the nerves in the kidneys
regulate blood flow and renal resistance by altering the diameter of the arterioles
38
what is a nephron
functional unit of the kidney | increases in size of the kidney results from the growth of the nephrons
39
what are the 3 basic functions of the nephron
filter blood return useful substances to the blood so that they are not lost from the body remove substances that are not needed by the body
40
all 3 functions of the kidney result in
homeostasis of the blood and urine production
41
what layers form the glomerular capsule
visceral : epithelial cells called podocytes | parietal: form the outer wall of the capsule
42
podocytes wrap around
the glomerular capillaries and form the inner wall of the capsule
43
what is the space between the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule called
bowman's space
44
what are cortical nephrons
renal corpuscles that lie in the superior portion of the cortex short loops of Henle lie mostly in cortex and penetrate only the superficial portion of the medulla
45
what is the blood supply of the cortical nephrons
peritubular capillaries arising from the efferent arterioles
46
what are juxtamedullary nephrons
renal corpuscles the lie deep in the cortex, close to the medulla long loops of Henle receives blood from the peritubular capillaries (cortex) and the vasa recta (medulla)
47
what is the proportion of the juxtamedullary nephrons and the cortical nephrons
15-20% juxtamedullary | 80-85% cortical
48
what is macula densa
sensory cells that monitor what passes through
49
what cells form the wall of the afferent arterioles
juxtaglomerular cells
50
what makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula densa and the JG cells
51
what begins after the macula densa
the distal convoluted tubules
52
what 2 types of cells are present in the distal convoluted tubules
principle cells | intercalated cells
53
what is the function of principle cells
receptor for ADH and aldosterone
54
what is the function of intercalated cells
plays a key role in the homeostasis of blood ph
55
renal tubules drain into ___ which drain into large ___
collecting ducts | papillary ducts
56
what are the functions of the nephrons
glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion
57
glomerular filtration
more than 99% returns to bloodstream via tubular reabsorption 1-2L of urine excreted daily
58
what is the glomerular filtrate
fluid entering the capsular space
59
what is the filtration membrane
endothelial cells from the glomerular capillaries and podocytes form a leaky barrier
60
what is allowed by the filtration membrane
filtration of water and small solutes but prevent filtration of most plasma proteins, platelets and blood cells
61
what are the 3 layers through which filtered substances pass
glomerular endothelial cells basal lamina filtration slit formed by a podocyte
62
describe glomerular endothelial cells
contain large fenestrations | allow solute in the blood plasma to exit the capillary but prevent filtration of blood cells and platelets
63
what cells help regulate the glomerular filtration
mesanglial cells
64
describe the basal lamina in filtration
layer of acellular material between the endothelium and podocyte prevents filtration of large plasma proteins
65
describe the filtration slit
pedicels: 1000 processes extending from each podocyte, wrap around each glomerular capillary space between pedicels: filtration slit
66
slit membrane
extends across each filtration slit allowing the passage of water, glucose, vitamins, amino-acids, very small plasma proteins, ammonia, urea and ions
67
describe tubular reabsorption
returns most of the filter water and solutes into the bloodstream mainly occurs at the proximal convoluted cells also carried out by other renal tubules cells and ducts
68
what substances are reabsorbed?
glucose, a-a, urea, iron, small proteins, peptides
69
what slows down renal reabsorption of water
diuretics, increase urination rate
70
describe tubular secretion
transfer of material from the blood and tubular cells into the tubular fluid
71
what substances are secreted
H+, K+ and ammonium, creatine and certain drugs
72
what are 2 major outcomes of secretion
H+ helps control blood pH | secretion of other substances help eliminate them from the body

EXCI 254 final (10 decks)

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