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EXCI 254 final > Heart and fetal circulation > Flashcards

Heart and fetal circulation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general characteristics of the heart

A

approximately the size of a closed fist
rests on the diaphragm
2/3 of the mass lies on the left of the midline

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2
Q

what is the anatomy of the heart

A 
apex
base
superior R point
superior L point
inferior R point
inferior L point
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3
Q

what is the pericardium

A

double-layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
fibrous layer
serous layer

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4
Q

which layer of the pericardium in more on the outside

A

fibrous layer

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5
Q

what does the fibrous layer do

A

prevents over stretching of the heart

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6
Q

what are the 2 layer of the serous layer of the heart

A

parietal and visceral (epicardium)

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7
Q

pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

pericardial fluid

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8
Q

what can happen to the pericardium

A

pericarditis

cardiac tamponade

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9
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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10
Q

what is the epicardium

A

visceral layer of the pericardium

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11
Q

what is the myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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12
Q

what is the endocardium

A

inner smooth lining of the chambers
covers the valves of the heart
continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels

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13
Q

what are the chambers of the heart

A

2 upper chambers : atria (auricle)

2 lower chambers: ventricles

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14
Q

describe the right atrium

A 
receives blood form the 3 major veins (IVC, SVC, coronary sinus)
right auricle
pectinate m.
interatrial septum (fossa ovalis)
tricuspid valve
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15
Q

what are the structures of the right ventricle

A 
trabeculae carnae
cordae tendinae
papillary m. 
interventricular septum
pulmonary semilunar valves
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16
Q

describe the left atrium

A

receives blood from the pulmonary veins
left auricle
pectinate m.
bicuspid valve

17
Q

what are the structures of the left ventricle

A

trabeculae carnae
cordae tendinae
papillary m.
aortic semi-lunar valve

18
Q

from where is the oxygenated blood ejected in the systemic circulation

A

the left ventricle

19
Q

what happens when the atrioventricular valves are open

A

pointed ends project into the ventricles
the blood moves into the ventricles
the papillary m. are relaxed
the cordae tendinae are slack

20
Q

what happens when the atrioventricular valves are closed

A

the pressure drives the cusps upward
the papillary m. contract
the cordae tendinae are tightened and prevent the cusps from opening into the atrium

21
Q

semi-lunar valves

A

allow ejection of blood into the vessels and prevent backflow into the ventricles
each consists of three cusps
outer border is attached to the artery wall
valves are open when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure

22
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonary and systemic

23
Q

t/f the entire body receives blood from the systemic circulation except for the lungs

A

true

24
Q

by what are the lungs supplied in blood

A

pulmonary circulation

25
Q

what is coronary circulation

A

the heart receives blood from the R and L coronary arteries

26
Q

what does the L coronary a suply

A

both ventricles and the left atrium

27
Q

what does the R coronary a. supply

A

both ventricles

28
Q

where do the coronary arteries orignate

A

the base of the ascending aorta

29
Q

what are the coronary veins

A 
coronary sinus
great cardia v
middle cardiac v
small cardiac v
anterior cardiac v
30
Q

what are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

relaxation period
ventricular filling
ventricular systole

31
Q

what is systole

A

phase of contraction

32
Q

what is diastole

A

phase of relaxation

33
Q

what happens in the relaxation period

A

ventricles relax, all 4 chambers are in diastole
blood flows back towards the ventricles closing the SL valves
pressure falls inside the ventricles
AV valves open and ventricles begin filling

34
Q

ventricular filling

A

75% occurs without atrial systole
25% occurs with contraction of the pectinate m.
AV valves are open while semi-lunar valves are closed

35
Q

ventricular systole

A

ventricular contraction pushes blood against AV valves
pressure inside ventricles rises
when pressure exceeds arterial P, both semi-lunar valves open
lasts until ventricles relax and cycle restarts

36
Q

how many sounds are there in 1 cardiac cyle

A 
4:
1- closing of the AV valves
beginning of ventricular systole
2- closing of SL valves
end of ventricular systole
3- rapid ventricular filling
4- atrial systole
37
Q

what changes occur in maternal CV system

A

increase in SV
increase in CO
increase in HR
increase in BV

38
Q

whats adjustments occur of the infant at birth

A

closure of the foramen ovale

closing of the ductus arteriosus and becomes ligamentum arteriosum

EXCI 254 final (10 decks)

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