Respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
what are the structures of the respiratory system
A
nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
2
Q
what are the 2 portions of the resp system
A
conducting portion
respiratory portion
3
Q
describe the conducting portion
A
interconnecting cavities and tubes which filter, warm and moisten the air and conducts it to the lungs
4
Q
what is included in the conducting portion
A
nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
5
Q
describe the respiratory portion
A
tissues within the lungs where gases are exchanged
6
Q
what does the respiratory portion include
A
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs and alveoli
7
Q
what is important with gas exchange and the alveoli
A
main site of gas exchange between the air and the blood
8
Q
the nose
A
external supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage
covered with muscle and skin
lined with a mucous membrane
9
Q
what bones form the nose
A
frontal
nasal
maxilla
10
Q
what cartilages are included in the nose
A
septal
nasal
alar
11
Q
what are the 3 functions of the internal structures of the nose
A
warm, moisten and filter incoming air
detect olfactory stimuli
modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonation chambers
12
Q
what are the internal nares
A
2 openings on each side of the septum
13
Q
what are the sinuses
A
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary
14
Q
what form the lateral walls of the nose (5)
A
ethmoid maxila lacrimal palatine inferior nasal conchae
15
Q
what forms the floor of the nose
A
maxilla
palatine
16
Q
what forms the nasal septum
A
vomer
ethmoid
palatine
maxilla
17
Q
what do the 3 nasal conchae do
A
form meatuses
increase the surface area in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of water during exhalation
18
Q
where do the olfactory receptor cells lie
A
in the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and the septum
19
Q
what warms the air in the nose
A
the capillaries
20
Q
anaomy of the pharynx
A
extends from the internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartilage
lies posterior to the nasal/oral cavities and juste anterior to the cervical vertebrae
21
Q
what is the pharynx composed of
A
skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane
outer circular layer
inner longitudinal layer
22
Q
what are the functions of the pharynx
A
provides resonating chambers for speech sounds
houses tonsils which participate in immune reactions against foreign invaders
23
Q
in what regions does the pharynx divide into
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
24
Q
nasopharynx
A
extends to soft palate
contains 5 openings
air and dust packages enter nasopharynx from nasal cavity
small amounts of air are exchanged with the eustachian tube
25
what does the posterior wall of the nasopharynx contain
pharangeal tonsils
26
what are the 5 openings of the nasopharynx
2 internal nares, 2 openings of the eustachian tube, 1 opening into the oropharynx
27
what moves the mucous down in the nasopharynx
the cilia found in the lining
28
the oropharynx
extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
contains one opening
has respiration and digestive functions
29
what tonsils does the oropharynx contain
lingual tonsils and palatine tonsils
30
what it another name for the laryngopharynx
hypopharynx
31
the laryngopharynx
begins at the level of the hyoid bone
opens into the esophagus for food
opens into the larynx for air
32
what is the laryngopharynx last for
common pathway for food and air
33
what does the larynx connect
the laryngopharynx to the trachea
34
where does the larynx lie
anterior to C4-C6
35
what are the 9 pieces of cartilages of the larynx
```
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
arythenoid (2)
corniculate (2)
cuneiform (2)
```
36
what is the role of the larynx
mucous found in the lining helps trap dust not removed in the upper reps. tract
cilia moves trapped particles up to the pharynx
37
what folds are present in the larynx
false vocal cords
true vocal cords
ventricle
glottis
38
what folds never touch
the false vocal cords
39
what is the ventricle
space between the 2 pairs of vocal cords
40
what is the glottis
created by the opening of the true vocal cords where the air passes
41
what happens if the air is directed against the vocal folds
they vibrate and set-up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose and mouth
42
what happens to the sound if the pressure of the air is bigger
louder sounds
43
by what is the pitch of the voice controlled
the tension of the vocal folds
44
what structures act as resonating chambers
pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
45
anatomy of the trachea
anterior to esophagus
extends form the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebrae
divides into 2 primary bronchi
provides the came protection against dust as the membrane lining nasal cavity and larynx
46
what are the layers of the trachea
mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia
47
how many rings of hyaline cartilage are there in the trachea
16-20 incomplete rings
48
anatomy of the bronchi
R/L primary bronchi at level of T5 (at carina)
R is more vertical, shorter and wider than L
incomplete rings of cartilage
49
what is the carina
internal ridge where trachea divides into primary bronchi
| one of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex
50
what are the levels of bronchi
```
primary
secondary
tertiary
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
bronchial tree (divides about 25 times)
```
51
what is the lamina propria in the mucosa
supports epithelium and binds it to the muscularis mucosa
| also contains malt
52
what is the muscularis muscosa
increases the surface for digestion and absorption
| movement of muscle ensure that all absorptives cells are fully exposed to the content of the GI tract
53
what are the lungs separated by
the heart and other structures in the mediastinum
54
what are the lungs inclosed and protected by
pleural membrane :
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
55
where are the lungs
extend from the diaphragm to just above the clavicle
| lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly
56
what does the costal surface face
the ribs
57
what does the mediastinal surface face
the heart
| contains hilus
58
which lung is smaller
left
59
the right lung is what compared to the left
thicker, broader, shorter bc of the liver
60
what is the pleural cavity
small space between visceral and parietal pleura which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane
61
what are the functions of the pleural cavity
reduces friction between the membranes
allows them to slide easily over one another
extends below the base of the lung
62
what can inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis) cause
pain due to frictiin between the layers and excess fluid can accumulate in pleural space if inflammation persists
63
t/f both lungs have 3 fissures
false, r lung also has horizontal fissure
64
how many secondary bronchi are there
3 and 2, one for each lobe
65
how many tertiary bronchi are there
10 on each side
66
what are lobules
small compartements
wrapped in elastic connective tissue
contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole
67
what do terminal bronchioles subdivide into
microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles and then several alveolar ducts
68
where does the gas exchange start
at the respiratory bronchioles
69
what is around the alveolar ducts
numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs
70
what is an alveolar sac
2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening
71
what are the 2 types of epithelial cells in the alveoli
type 1 alveoli cells: main site of gas exchange
| type 2 alveoli cells: secrete alveolar fluid, keep surface between cells and air moist
72
what is an alveolar macrophage
wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar space
associated with the alveolar wall
73
exchange of O2 and CO2 by diffusion occurs through which membrane
respiratory membrane
74
which artery delivers oxygenated blood to the lungs
bronchial aa
75
most of the blood returns to the heart via pulmonary vv but some return via the
SVC (branches of the azygos system)
76
what are the 3 steps of breathing
pulmonary ventilation
external pulmonary respiration
internal tissue respiration
77
pulmonary ventilation
inspiration and expiration
78
external respiration
exchange of gases between air and spaces in lungs
79
internal respiration
exchanges of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
80
how is the pressure in the lungs just before inspiration
= to atmospheric pressure
81
what is necessary for the air to come in the lungs
pressure in the alveoli must become lower than atmospheric pressure
82
how is inspiration achieved
increasing the volume of the lungs
83
what are the principle inspiratory m.
diaphragm
| external intercostals
84
what m. is the most important for inspiration
diaphragm
85
anatomy of diaphragm
dome shaped skeletal m. that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity
86
what nerve innervates the diaphragm
phrenic n.
87
the contraction of the diaphragm...
causes it to flatten, increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity
88
what prevents the diaphragm from completely descending
pregnancy
obesity
tight clothing
89
when do the external intercostals contract
at the same time as the diaphragm
90
external intercostals
run obliquely between the ribs
pull the ribs superiorly and push sternum anterior
increase anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity
91
inspiration final steps
walls of lungs and pleura are pulled outwards
volume increases, pressure gradient is established
air rushes into the lungs until no more pressure gradient
92
what accessory m. help with deep inspiration
SCM
scalenes
pec minor
93
how is expiration achieved
when the pressure in the lungs exceeds atmospheric p
94
what does expiration depend on
recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
95
what is the mechanism of expiration
starts when inspiration m. relax
| ribs move inferior, diaphragm moves up
96
what m. are included in expiration
abdominal muscles
| internal intercostals
97
abdominal m. in expiration
move ribs inferior and compress abdominal viscera forcing diaphragm up
98
internal intercostals in expiration
extend inferiorly and posteriorly btw ribs, pull ribs inferiorly
99
how is the regulation of respiration controlled
voluntarily for short periods
| by the nervous system to meet the body's demands without conscious concern
100
where is the respiratory center
cluster of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons
101
what causes the contraction and relaxation of the respiratory m.
respiratory center
102
what 3 groups of neurons form the respiratory center
```
medullary rhythmicity (medulla)
pneumotaxic area (pons)
apneustic area (pons)
```
103
medullary ryhtimcity area
```
controls basic rhythm of respiration
normal resting rate:
insp 2 sec
exp 3 sec
inspiratory and expiratory neurons that make up area
```
104
breathing rhythm is determined by
nerve impulses generated in inspiratory area
105
when is the inspiratory are inactive
at the beginning of expiration
106
when is the inspiratory area activated
after 3 seconds due to impulses generated by autorhythmic neurons
107
when is the diaphragm activated
when the nerve impulses reach it via the phrenic n.
108
when do the neurons of the expiratory area remain inactive
during quiet breathing
109
when do the n. impulses from the inspiratory area activate the expiratory area
during forceful ventilation
110
where is the pneumotaxic area
superior of the pons
111
role of pneumotaxic area
coordinate transition between inspiration and expiration
| helps turn off inspiratory area before lungs become too full of air
112
what happens when pneumotaxic activity is increased
breathing rate is more rapid
113
where is the apneustic area
inferior portion of the pons
114
role of apneustic area
coordination btw insp and epx
sends stimulating impulses to the inspiratory area that activates it and prolonge inspiration, inhibiting expiration
occurs when pneumotaxic is inactive
115
how can breathing rate be also modified by other regions of the brain and the pns
cortical influence
chemical influence
the inflation reflex
116
cortical influence
alter voluntarily the breathing rate
controlled by build-up of CO2 and H+ in the blood
nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and limbic system also stimulate respiration control allowing emotions to alter breathing rate
117
chemical regulation
chemical stimuli can modulate how quickly and deeply we breathe
chemoreceptors in 2 locations monitor blood levels of CO2 and O2 and provide input
118
central chemoreceptors
located in the medulla oblongata
| respond to changes in H_ and CO2 concentration in CSF
119
Peripheral chemoreceptors
located in walls of systemic aa
sensitive to CO2 and H+ changes in the blood
found in aortic body and carotid body
join with CNX
120
the inflation reflex
baroreceptors
121
baroreceptors
located in walls of bronchi and bronchioles
stretch-sensory receptors
Become stretched during over-inflation of the lungs and send nerve impulses along the vagus nerve (CN X) to inspiration and apneustic areas
Expiration begins and stretch receptors are no longer stimulated
122
exercise and resp system
Increased rate of blood flow through the lungs
• Increased pick-up of O2
• Rate at which O2 diffuses from the alveolar air to the blood is increased
• Blood flows through a greater percentage of pulmonary capillaries providing a greater S.A. for diffusion of O2 into the blood
• O2 consumption, CO2 production and ventilation increases dramatically
