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EXCI 254 final > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structures of the respiratory system

A 
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
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2
Q

what are the 2 portions of the resp system

A

conducting portion

respiratory portion

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3
Q

describe the conducting portion

A

interconnecting cavities and tubes which filter, warm and moisten the air and conducts it to the lungs

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4
Q

what is included in the conducting portion

A 
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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5
Q

describe the respiratory portion

A

tissues within the lungs where gases are exchanged

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6
Q

what does the respiratory portion include

A

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar sacs and alveoli

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7
Q

what is important with gas exchange and the alveoli

A

main site of gas exchange between the air and the blood

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8
Q

the nose

A

external supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage
covered with muscle and skin
lined with a mucous membrane

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9
Q

what bones form the nose

A

frontal
nasal
maxilla

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10
Q

what cartilages are included in the nose

A

septal
nasal
alar

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11
Q

what are the 3 functions of the internal structures of the nose

A

warm, moisten and filter incoming air
detect olfactory stimuli
modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonation chambers

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12
Q

what are the internal nares

A

2 openings on each side of the septum

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13
Q

what are the sinuses

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

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14
Q

what form the lateral walls of the nose (5)

A 
ethmoid
maxila
lacrimal
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
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15
Q

what forms the floor of the nose

A

maxilla

palatine

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16
Q

what forms the nasal septum

A

vomer
ethmoid
palatine
maxilla

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17
Q

what do the 3 nasal conchae do

A

form meatuses

increase the surface area in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of water during exhalation

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18
Q

where do the olfactory receptor cells lie

A

in the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and the septum

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19
Q

what warms the air in the nose

A

the capillaries

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20
Q

anaomy of the pharynx

A

extends from the internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartilage
lies posterior to the nasal/oral cavities and juste anterior to the cervical vertebrae

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21
Q

what is the pharynx composed of

A

skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane
outer circular layer
inner longitudinal layer

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22
Q

what are the functions of the pharynx

A

provides resonating chambers for speech sounds

houses tonsils which participate in immune reactions against foreign invaders

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23
Q

in what regions does the pharynx divide into

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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24
Q

nasopharynx

A

extends to soft palate
contains 5 openings
air and dust packages enter nasopharynx from nasal cavity
small amounts of air are exchanged with the eustachian tube

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25
Q

what does the posterior wall of the nasopharynx contain

A

pharangeal tonsils

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26
Q

what are the 5 openings of the nasopharynx

A

2 internal nares, 2 openings of the eustachian tube, 1 opening into the oropharynx

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27
Q

what moves the mucous down in the nasopharynx

A

the cilia found in the lining

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28
Q

the oropharynx

A

extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
contains one opening
has respiration and digestive functions

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29
Q

what tonsils does the oropharynx contain

A

lingual tonsils and palatine tonsils

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30
Q

what it another name for the laryngopharynx

A

hypopharynx

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31
Q

the laryngopharynx

A

begins at the level of the hyoid bone
opens into the esophagus for food
opens into the larynx for air

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32
Q

what is the laryngopharynx last for

A

common pathway for food and air

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33
Q

what does the larynx connect

A

the laryngopharynx to the trachea

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34
Q

where does the larynx lie

A

anterior to C4-C6

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35
Q

what are the 9 pieces of cartilages of the larynx

A 
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
arythenoid (2)
corniculate (2)
cuneiform (2)
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36
Q

what is the role of the larynx

A

mucous found in the lining helps trap dust not removed in the upper reps. tract
cilia moves trapped particles up to the pharynx

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37
Q

what folds are present in the larynx

A

false vocal cords
true vocal cords
ventricle
glottis

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38
Q

what folds never touch

A

the false vocal cords

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39
Q

what is the ventricle

A

space between the 2 pairs of vocal cords

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40
Q

what is the glottis

A

created by the opening of the true vocal cords where the air passes

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41
Q

what happens if the air is directed against the vocal folds

A

they vibrate and set-up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose and mouth

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42
Q

what happens to the sound if the pressure of the air is bigger

A

louder sounds

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43
Q

by what is the pitch of the voice controlled

A

the tension of the vocal folds

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44
Q

what structures act as resonating chambers

A

pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses

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45
Q

anatomy of the trachea

A

anterior to esophagus
extends form the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebrae
divides into 2 primary bronchi
provides the came protection against dust as the membrane lining nasal cavity and larynx

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46
Q

what are the layers of the trachea

A

mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia

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47
Q

how many rings of hyaline cartilage are there in the trachea

A

16-20 incomplete rings

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48
Q

anatomy of the bronchi

A

R/L primary bronchi at level of T5 (at carina)
R is more vertical, shorter and wider than L
incomplete rings of cartilage

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49
Q

what is the carina

A

internal ridge where trachea divides into primary bronchi

one of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex

50
Q

what are the levels of bronchi

A 
primary
secondary
tertiary
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
bronchial tree (divides about 25 times)
51
Q

what is the lamina propria in the mucosa

A

supports epithelium and binds it to the muscularis mucosa

also contains malt

52
Q

what is the muscularis muscosa

A

increases the surface for digestion and absorption

movement of muscle ensure that all absorptives cells are fully exposed to the content of the GI tract

53
Q

what are the lungs separated by

A

the heart and other structures in the mediastinum

54
Q

what are the lungs inclosed and protected by

A

pleural membrane :
parietal pleura
visceral pleura

55
Q

where are the lungs

A

extend from the diaphragm to just above the clavicle

lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly

56
Q

what does the costal surface face

A

the ribs

57
Q

what does the mediastinal surface face

A

the heart

contains hilus

58
Q

which lung is smaller

A

left

59
Q

the right lung is what compared to the left

A

thicker, broader, shorter bc of the liver

60
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

small space between visceral and parietal pleura which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane

61
Q

what are the functions of the pleural cavity

A

reduces friction between the membranes
allows them to slide easily over one another
extends below the base of the lung

62
Q

what can inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis) cause

A

pain due to frictiin between the layers and excess fluid can accumulate in pleural space if inflammation persists

63
Q

t/f both lungs have 3 fissures

A

false, r lung also has horizontal fissure

64
Q

how many secondary bronchi are there

A

3 and 2, one for each lobe

65
Q

how many tertiary bronchi are there

A

10 on each side

66
Q

what are lobules

A

small compartements
wrapped in elastic connective tissue
contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole

67
Q

what do terminal bronchioles subdivide into

A

microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles and then several alveolar ducts

68
Q

where does the gas exchange start

A

at the respiratory bronchioles

69
Q

what is around the alveolar ducts

A

numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs

70
Q

what is an alveolar sac

A

2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening

71
Q

what are the 2 types of epithelial cells in the alveoli

A

type 1 alveoli cells: main site of gas exchange

type 2 alveoli cells: secrete alveolar fluid, keep surface between cells and air moist

72
Q

what is an alveolar macrophage

A

wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar space
associated with the alveolar wall

73
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 by diffusion occurs through which membrane

A

respiratory membrane

74
Q

which artery delivers oxygenated blood to the lungs

A

bronchial aa

75
Q

most of the blood returns to the heart via pulmonary vv but some return via the

A

SVC (branches of the azygos system)

76
Q

what are the 3 steps of breathing

A

pulmonary ventilation
external pulmonary respiration
internal tissue respiration

77
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration and expiration

78
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases between air and spaces in lungs

79
Q

internal respiration

A

exchanges of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

80
Q

how is the pressure in the lungs just before inspiration

A

= to atmospheric pressure

81
Q

what is necessary for the air to come in the lungs

A

pressure in the alveoli must become lower than atmospheric pressure

82
Q

how is inspiration achieved

A

increasing the volume of the lungs

83
Q

what are the principle inspiratory m.

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

84
Q

what m. is the most important for inspiration

A

diaphragm

85
Q

anatomy of diaphragm

A

dome shaped skeletal m. that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

86
Q

what nerve innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic n.

87
Q

the contraction of the diaphragm…

A

causes it to flatten, increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

88
Q

what prevents the diaphragm from completely descending

A

pregnancy
obesity
tight clothing

89
Q

when do the external intercostals contract

A

at the same time as the diaphragm

90
Q

external intercostals

A

run obliquely between the ribs
pull the ribs superiorly and push sternum anterior
increase anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity

91
Q

inspiration final steps

A

walls of lungs and pleura are pulled outwards
volume increases, pressure gradient is established
air rushes into the lungs until no more pressure gradient

92
Q

what accessory m. help with deep inspiration

A

SCM
scalenes
pec minor

93
Q

how is expiration achieved

A

when the pressure in the lungs exceeds atmospheric p

94
Q

what does expiration depend on

A

recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

95
Q

what is the mechanism of expiration

A

starts when inspiration m. relax

ribs move inferior, diaphragm moves up

96
Q

what m. are included in expiration

A

abdominal muscles

internal intercostals

97
Q

abdominal m. in expiration

A

move ribs inferior and compress abdominal viscera forcing diaphragm up

98
Q

internal intercostals in expiration

A

extend inferiorly and posteriorly btw ribs, pull ribs inferiorly

99
Q

how is the regulation of respiration controlled

A

voluntarily for short periods

by the nervous system to meet the body’s demands without conscious concern

100
Q

where is the respiratory center

A

cluster of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons

101
Q

what causes the contraction and relaxation of the respiratory m.

A

respiratory center

102
Q

what 3 groups of neurons form the respiratory center

A 
medullary rhythmicity (medulla)
pneumotaxic area (pons)
apneustic area (pons)
103
Q

medullary ryhtimcity area

A 
controls basic rhythm of respiration
normal resting rate:
insp 2 sec
exp 3 sec
inspiratory and expiratory neurons that make up area
104
Q

breathing rhythm is determined by

A

nerve impulses generated in inspiratory area

105
Q

when is the inspiratory are inactive

A

at the beginning of expiration

106
Q

when is the inspiratory area activated

A

after 3 seconds due to impulses generated by autorhythmic neurons

107
Q

when is the diaphragm activated

A

when the nerve impulses reach it via the phrenic n.

108
Q

when do the neurons of the expiratory area remain inactive

A

during quiet breathing

109
Q

when do the n. impulses from the inspiratory area activate the expiratory area

A

during forceful ventilation

110
Q

where is the pneumotaxic area

A

superior of the pons

111
Q

role of pneumotaxic area

A

coordinate transition between inspiration and expiration

helps turn off inspiratory area before lungs become too full of air

112
Q

what happens when pneumotaxic activity is increased

A

breathing rate is more rapid

113
Q

where is the apneustic area

A

inferior portion of the pons

114
Q

role of apneustic area

A

coordination btw insp and epx
sends stimulating impulses to the inspiratory area that activates it and prolonge inspiration, inhibiting expiration
occurs when pneumotaxic is inactive

115
Q

how can breathing rate be also modified by other regions of the brain and the pns

A

cortical influence
chemical influence
the inflation reflex

116
Q

cortical influence

A

alter voluntarily the breathing rate
controlled by build-up of CO2 and H+ in the blood
nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and limbic system also stimulate respiration control allowing emotions to alter breathing rate

117
Q

chemical regulation

A

chemical stimuli can modulate how quickly and deeply we breathe
chemoreceptors in 2 locations monitor blood levels of CO2 and O2 and provide input

118
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

located in the medulla oblongata

respond to changes in H_ and CO2 concentration in CSF

119
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

located in walls of systemic aa
sensitive to CO2 and H+ changes in the blood
found in aortic body and carotid body
join with CNX

120
Q

the inflation reflex

A

baroreceptors

121
Q

baroreceptors

A

located in walls of bronchi and bronchioles
stretch-sensory receptors
Become stretched during over-inflation of the lungs and send nerve impulses along the vagus nerve (CN X) to inspiration and apneustic areas
Expiration begins and stretch receptors are no longer stimulated

122
Q

exercise and resp system

A

Increased rate of blood flow through the lungs
• Increased pick-up of O2
• Rate at which O2 diffuses from the alveolar air to the blood is increased
• Blood flows through a greater percentage of pulmonary capillaries providing a greater S.A. for diffusion of O2 into the blood
• O2 consumption, CO2 production and ventilation increases dramatically

EXCI 254 final (10 decks)

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