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EXCI 254 final > Digestive system (from liver) > Flashcards

Digestive system (from liver) Flashcards

1
Q

Heaviest gland in the body

A

Liver

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2
Q

Second largest organ in the body

A

liver

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3
Q

what divides the right and left lobes of the liver

A

falciform ligament

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4
Q

name the 4 lobes of hte liver

A

right, left, quadrate, caudate

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5
Q

functional cells of the liver

A

hepatocytes

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6
Q

contain fixed phagocytes, which destroy worn out leukocytes, RBC, bacteria and other foreign matter from the GI tract venous blood

A

sinusoids

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7
Q

bile is secreted by what

A

hepatocytes

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8
Q

the bile enters the ___ ___ which empty into small ___ ___

A

bile canaliculi, bile ductules

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9
Q

the ductules pass bile into ___ ___

A

bile ducts

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10
Q

eventually merge into R/L __ ___

A

hepatic ducts

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11
Q

R/L hepatic ducts unite to form the ___ ___ ___

A

common hepatic duct

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12
Q

common hepatic duct joins the ___ and they form the ___ __ __

A

cystic duct, common bile duct

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13
Q

ligaments of the liver (3)

A

falciform ligament
ligamentum teres (round)
R/L coronary ligaments

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14
Q

is a remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetus

A

ligamentum teres (round ligament)

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15
Q

suspends the liver from the diaphragm

A

R/L coronary ligaments

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16
Q

blood supply of the liver

A

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

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17
Q

what is the portal triad

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

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18
Q

liver - parasympathetic innervation

A

vagus nerve

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19
Q

liver - sympathetic innervation

A

celiac ganglia

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20
Q

pear shaped sac located in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver

A

Gall bladder

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21
Q

3 parts of the gall bladder

A

fundus
body
neck

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22
Q

function of the gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile until it is needed by the S.I

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23
Q

blood supply of gall bladder

A

cystic artery

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24
Q

innervation of gallbladder

A

branches of the celiac plexus and vagus nerve

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25
Q

plays a key role in emulsification

A

bile salts

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26
Q

liver secretes ___ to ___ of bile/day

A

800 to 1000mL

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27
Q

between meals, the __ ___ ___ closes off and bile flows into the gallbladder for storage

A

greater duodenal papillae

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28
Q

after a meal, _____ impulses along the vagus nerve stimulate the liver to ___ bile production

A

parasympathetic

increase

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29
Q

fatty acids and amino-acids in chyme stimulate duodenal enteroendocrine cells to secrete ____ in the blood

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

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30
Q

role of CCK (2)

A
  • contraction of the gall bladder, squeezing stored bile into the cystic duct and through the common bile duct
  • relaxation of the sphincter around the greater duodenal papilla allowing bile to flow into the duodenum
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31
Q

other vital functions of the liver (9)

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • protein metabolism
  • processing drugs and hormones
  • excretion of bilirubin
  • synthesis of bile salts
  • storage
  • phagocytosis
  • activation of vitamin D
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32
Q

where the majority of digestion and absorption occurs

A

Small intestine

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33
Q

S.I divided in three regions

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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34
Q

permanent ridges in the mucosabeing in the duodenum and end in the mid-portion of the ileum

A

circular folds

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35
Q

role of circular folds in the SI

A

enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causing chyme to spiral through the SI

36
Q

arterial supply of SI

A

superior mesenteric and gastroduodenal

37
Q

innervation of SI

A

superior mesenteric plexus and vagus nerve

38
Q

two autonomic plexuses are found within the wall of the SI

A
  1. myenteric plexus

2. meissner’s plexus

39
Q

layers of the small intestines

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
40
Q

greatly increase the SA of the epithelium available for absorption and digestion (in the mucosa)

A

villi

41
Q

each villi contains 5 things

A 
lamina propria
central lacteal
arteriole
venule
blood capillary
42
Q

mucosa of SI - the epithelium consists of (4)

A

absorptive cells
goblet cells
enteroendocrine cells
paneth cells

43
Q

mucosa of SI - digest and absorb nutrients

A

absorptive cells

44
Q

mucosa of SI - secrete mucous

A

goblet cells

45
Q

mucosa of SI - secrete secretin, CCK or GIP

A

enteroendocrine cells

46
Q

mucosa of SI - secrete the bacterial enzyme lysozyme and has some phagocytotic functions

A

paneth cells

47
Q

mucosa of SI - lamina propria has many MALT (2)

A

solitary lymphatic nodules (distal ileum)

peyer’s patches (distal ileum)

48
Q

submucosa of SI content

A

duodenal glands (Brunner’s)

49
Q

role of Brunner’s gland (duodenal)

A

secrete an alkaline mucous which helps neutralize gastric acid in chyme

50
Q

why is Brunner’s gland role important

A

because the gastric juice is acidic but the farther you go down the GI tract, the less mucous you need as it is less and less acidic

51
Q

muscularis layer of SI (2)

A

longitudinal and circular layers

52
Q

serosa layer of SI

A

most superficial

53
Q

slightly alkalinecontains mucous and wateraids with the absorption of substances as they come in contact with the villiclear yellow fluid (1-2L/day)

A

intestinal juice

54
Q

absorptive epithelial cells synthesize many digestive enzymes and insert them into the microvilli

A

brush-border enzymes

55
Q

two types of movement occur in the small intestine

A

segmentation

migrating motility complex (a form of peristalsis)

56
Q

localized, mixing contractions that occur in portions occupied by large volumes of chymemixes chyme with digestive juicesbrings food particles in contact with the mucosa for absorption

A

Segmentation

57
Q

segmentation starts with the contraction of what

A

circular muscle

58
Q

where does MMC begins

A

lower portion of the stomach

59
Q

when does absorption occurs in the SI

A

once food has been changed into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucous into blood and lymphatic vessels

60
Q

about __% of the absorption occurs in the SI

A

90%

61
Q

10% of absorption occurs in __ and ___

A

stomach and large intestine

62
Q

terminal portion of the GI tract

A

large intestine

63
Q

LI is divided into 4 main regions

A

cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal

64
Q

functions of the large intestine (4)

A

complete absorption, produce certain vitamins, form feces, and expulse feces from the body

65
Q

attached to posterior wall by the mesocolon

A

large intestine

66
Q

LI - hangs from ileocecal sphincter

A

cecum

67
Q

LI - twisted, coiled tube attached to the cecum

A

appendix

68
Q

divisions of the colon

A

ascending, descending, transvers and sigmoid

69
Q

LI - abrupt turn inferior to the liver

A

right colic flexure

70
Q

LI - abrupt turn inferior to the spleen

A

left colic flexure

71
Q

LI - begins near L. iliac crest and ends at the level of 3rd sacral vertebrae

A

sigmoid

72
Q

LI - guarded by an internal sphincter of smooth muscle and an external sphincter of skeletal muscle

A

anus

73
Q

arterial supply of LI

A

sup/inf mesenteric aa.

sup, middle, and inf. rectal aa.

74
Q

sympathetic innervation of large intestine

A

celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia

75
Q

parasympathetic innervation of large intestine

A

vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves

76
Q

t/f there are villi and circular folds in the large intestine

A

false

77
Q

layers of large intestine

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

78
Q

muscularis layer of LI - some portions of the longitudinal muscle are thickened forming 3 bands called

A

taenia coli

79
Q

muscularis layer of LI - tonic contractions of the bands form a series of pouches called

A

haustrae

80
Q

passage of chyme from the ileum into the cecum is controlled by what

A

ileocecal sphincter

81
Q

what is haustral churning

A

haustrae remain relaxed until they fill upafter a certain distension, the wall contracts and pushes the contents into the next haustrae

82
Q

2 functions of the LI

A

peristalsis and mass peristalsis

83
Q

t/f peristalsis occurs at a slow rate

A

true

84
Q

mass peristalsis

A

strong peristaltic wave that begins in the middle of the transverse colon and rapidly drives the contents into the rectum

85
Q

the final stage of digestion occurs through the activity of bacteria in the lumen

A

anything remaining after will not be absorbed (sent to urine for excretion)

EXCI 254 final (10 decks)

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