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EXCI 254 final > Female reproductive system > Flashcards

Female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the organs of the reproductive system

A 
ovaries (secondary oocytes, hormones; progesterone/estrogen/inhibin/relaxin)
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
vulva
mammary glands
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2
Q

how many ovaries are there and what ligaments hold them in position

A

paired, one on either side of the uterus

broad lig, ovarian lig, suspensory lig

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3
Q

what are the structures of the ovary

A
  • ovarian mesothelium (surface epithelium): covers surface of ovary
  • tunica albuginea: deep to germinal epithelium
  • ovarian cortex: deep to tunica albuginea, contains ovarian follicles
  • ovarian medulla: deep to the ovarian cortex
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4
Q

what are follicles

A

lie in the cortex, consist of oocyte in various stages of development and surrounding cells (nourish oocyte and secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger)

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5
Q

what is a mature follicle

A

large, fluid-filled follicle that will soon rupture and expel a secondary oocyte (ovulation)

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6
Q

what does the corpus luteum contain

A

contains the remnants of an ovulated mature follicle

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7
Q

what does corpus luteum produce and what does it turn into

A

progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin until it degenerates and turns into a corpus albicans (fibrous)

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8
Q

what are the blood and nerve supply?

A
  • ovarian artery
  • branches of the uterine arteries
  • on right side, the ovarian drain into the IVC, on the left it drains into the renal veins
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
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9
Q

what is oogenesis

A
  • formation of gametes in the ovaries
  • involves meiosis I and II
  • during fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate from the endoderm yolk sac to the ovaries (differentiate into Oogonia; 2n)
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10
Q

what is oogonia

A
  • divide to produce millions of germ cells

- a few develop into primary oocytes (begin meiosis I but do not complete it until after puberty)

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11
Q

what is atresia

A

degenerative of most of the oogonia cells

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12
Q

what hormone is released and from what gland each month after puberty
what does it stimulate

A

gonadotropic hormones from the pituitary gland

resumption of oogenesis

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13
Q

does the meiosis resume in many primary follicles

A

yes

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14
Q

in oogenesis, how many follicles will mature and ovulate

A

only one

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15
Q

what oocyte completes meiosis I

A

the diploid (2n) primary oocyte

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16
Q

what forms with meiosis I and what gets discarded and received

A 
two haploid c ells of unequal size form 
smaller cells (first polar body) discarded nuclear material
larger cell (secondary oocyte) receives most of the cytoplasm
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17
Q

what is the process of meiosis II

A

it begins then stops

  • the mature follicle ruptures soon after and releases its secondary oocyte (ovulation)
  • the secondary oocyte is swept into the uterine tube
  • if sperm is present and one penetrates the secondary oocyte, meiosis II resumes
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18
Q

what does the secondary oocyte split into

A

2 haploid cells of unequal size: smaller cell (second polar body), larger cell(ovum; mature egg)

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19
Q

what unite to form a diploid (zygote)

A

nuclei of the a sperm cell and ovum

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20
Q

one oogonium gives rise to how many gamete (ovum)

A

a single gamete

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21
Q

what do the uterine tubes transport

A

secondary oocyte and fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus

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22
Q

what are the parts of the fallopian tubes

A

infindibulum, fimbrae, ampulla and isthmus

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23
Q

what are the layers of the uterine tubes and what do they do

A
  • mucosa (cilia help move the fertilized ovum or secondary oocyte to the uterus)
  • muscularis (peristaltic contraction help move the oocyte or fertilized ovum toward uterus)
  • serosa
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24
Q

where does fertilization usually occur (occurs how long after ovulation)

A

in the ampulla
can sometimes happen in the abdominopelvic cavity)
may occur up to 24 hours after ovulation

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25
Q

a few hours after fertilization what unites

A

nuclear materials of the haploid ovum and sperm

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26
Q

when does the zygote arrive in the uterus usually

A

about 7 days after ovulation

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27
Q

what does the uterus form

A

part of the pathway for sperm to reach fallopian tubes

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28
Q

what is the uterus a site for

A

menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum and development of the fetus during pregnancy

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29
Q

in btw what structures is the uterus located

A

btw urinary bladder and rectum

30
Q

what are the parts of the uterus

A

fundus, body, cervix, uterine cavity, cervical canal that opens into uterine cavity as the internal os and into the vagina at the external os

31
Q

what ligaments maintain the shape of the uterus and what do they attach to

A
  • broad lig: attach to pelvic cavity
  • uterosacral lig: connects uterus to sacrum
  • cardinal lig: extend from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina
  • round lig: extend from uterus to labia majora
32
Q

what are the layers of the uterus

A
  • outer perimetrium (serosa): part of visceral peritoneum, becomes the broad lig
  • intermediate myometrium : responds to oxytocin secretions and helps expel the fetus from the uterus
  • inner endometrium: stratum functionalis (functional layer) and stratum basalis (basal layer)
33
Q

what is cervical mucous made of

A

water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes and inorganic salts

34
Q

when is cervical mucous more hospitable to sperm (when is it less)

A

near time of ovulation (less viscous and more alkaline)

otherwise it forms a plug that stops sperm penetration

35
Q

what serves as a sperm reservoir and protects the sperm from phagocytes

A

cervical mucous

36
Q

what is the vagina a passageway for

A

menstrual flow, childbirth and semen during intercourse

37
Q

where is the vagina located and what is it attached to

A

in btw the urinary bladder and the rectum, its attached to the uterus

38
Q

where is the fornix of the vagina

A

surrounds the cervix of the uterus

39
Q

describe the mucosa of the vagina

A
  • continuous w that of the uterus
  • consists of transverse folds (rugae)
  • contains large stores of glycogen which produce organic acids when it decomposes (postpones microbial growth but harmful to sperm; alkaline components of semen increase viability of the sperm)
40
Q

why does the muscularis layer of the vagina stretch

A

to accommodate the penis during sexual intercourse and a child during birth

41
Q

what organs does the adventitia of the vagina anchor it to

A

adjacent organs like the urethra and urinary bladder (anteriorly) and the rectum and anal canal (posteriorly)

42
Q

what is the vaginal orifice

A

opening to the exterior of the vestibule

43
Q

what is the hymen

A

layer of mucosa closing the orifice (partially or completely)

44
Q

what is the vulva

A

external genitals of the female

45
Q

what is the mons pubis

A

elevation of adipose tissue covered w skin and pubic hair (cushions the pubic symphysis)

46
Q

what is the labia majora

A

two folds of skin from the mons pubis (covered by pubic hair contain sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands)

47
Q

what is the labia minora

A

two smaller folds of skin, very little pubic hair and few sudiferous glands, contain, many sebacous glands

48
Q

what is the clitoris

A

prepuce, glans

49
Q

what is the bulb of the vestibule

A
  • two elongated masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice
  • fills with blood during sexual arousal, narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis
50
Q

what is the perineum

A
  • diamond shaped area medial to the thighs and buttocks (males and females)
  • contains the external genitalia and anus
  • bounded anteriorly by pubic symphysis
  • bounded laterally by ischial tuberosities and posteriorly by the coccyx
  • divided horizontally into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle
51
Q

what are mammary glands

A

modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk

52
Q

what is the nipple

A

pigmented projection

53
Q

what are lactiferous ducts

A

where the milk emerges

54
Q

what are the areola

A

circular pigmented area around the nipple, contains modified sebaceous glands

55
Q

what is the lig of the mammary glands

A

suspensory lig: run btw skin and superficial fascia and support the breast

56
Q

what determines the size of the breast

A

amount of adipose tissue located in btw lobes (15-20) of the mammary gland

57
Q

what are each lobe made of

A

several lobules which are made up of milk-secreting glands called alveoli

58
Q

what path does milk follow

A
  • milk passes from the alveoli into secondary tubules and then into the mammary ducts
  • near the nipple, the ducts expand into lactiferous sinuses where milk may be stored
  • each duct usually carries milk from one lobe to the exterior
59
Q

what is lactation

A
  • synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk
  • stimulated by the hormone prolactin with contributions from progesterone and estrogen
  • ejection is stimulated by oxytocin (released by the pituitary gland in response to sucking of an infant on the mom’s nipple)
60
Q

what is the ovarian cycle

A

function is to develop a secondary oocyte

61
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

function is to prepare the endometrium each month to receive a fertilized egg (marks first day of a new cycle)

62
Q

what two cycles does the female reproductive cycle include

A

ovarian and menstrual

63
Q

what hormones control the ovarian and uterine cycle

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus which stimulates the release of FSH and LH by the ant pituitary gland

64
Q

what does FSH do

A

stimulates the development of secondary follicles and initiates secretion of estrogens by the follicles

65
Q

what does LH do

A

stimulates any further development of the follicles, secretion of estrogens by follicular cells, ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone and estrogen by the corpus luteum

66
Q

when does the stratum functionalis shed, discharges blood, tissue fluid, mucous and epithelium cells

A

during the menstrual phase

67
Q

what happens during the pre-ovulatory phase

A

a group of follicles in the ovaries begin to undergo final maturation:

  • one follicle outgrows the others and becomes dominant while the others degenerate
  • at same time, endometrial repair occurs in the uterus
  • estrogens are the dominant hormones during the pre-ovulatory phase
68
Q

what happens during the ovulation phase

A
  • rupture of the dominant mature follicle and the release of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
  • brought on by a surge of LH
  • S&S of ovulation include an increased basal body temp, clear stretchy cervical mucous, changes in the uterine cervix and ovarian pain
69
Q

what happens during the post-ovulatory phase

A

both progesterone and estrogens are secreted in large qty by corpus luteum of the ovary and the uterine endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation

70
Q

what happens if fertilization and implantation do not occur

A

the corpus luteum degenerates and the resulting low level of progesterone allows discharge of the endometrium followed by initiation of another reproductive cycle

71
Q

what happens if fertilization and implantation do occur

A

the corpus luteum is maintained by placental hCG and the corpus luteum (and later the placenta) secret progesterone and estrogens to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation

EXCI 254 final (10 decks)

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