The CV system

Question 1

what are the 3 components of the CV system

Answer 1

blood
heart
blood vessels

Question 2

what is the path of O2 and nutrients

Answer 2

blood
interstitial fluid
body cells

Question 3

what is the path of CO2 and waste

Answer 3

body cells
interstitial fluid
blood

Question 4

what are the general functions of the CV system

Answer 4

transportation
regulation
protection

Question 5

what does the CV system transport

Answer 5

O2
CO2
nutrients
heat
waste

Question 6

what does the CV system regulate

Answer 6

ph
body temp
water content of cells

Question 7

how does the CV system protect

Answer 7

clotting
phagocytosis
antibodies

Question 8

what forms the blood

Answer 8

plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)

Question 9

what is important for the blood’s viscosity

Answer 9

water (91.5% of blood plasma)

Question 10

what composes the blood plasma

Answer 10

91. 5% of water

8. 5% of solutes that are mostly plasma proteins

Question 11

what are the 3 important plasma proteins in the blood plasma

Answer 11

albumin (#1)
globulins (antibodies)
fibrinogen

Question 12

what is the role of albumin

Answer 12

transports fatty acids

helps keep H2O from diffusing out of the blood

Question 13

what is the role of globulins

Answer 13

produced during certain immune responses, stimulated by foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses

Question 14

what is the role of fibrinogen

Answer 14

essential for blood clotting

Question 15

what are the formed elements of the blood

Answer 15

99% RBC

1% WBC and platelets

Question 16

what is hemopoiesis

Answer 16

formation of blood cells that happens in the red bone marrow

Question 17

when does the yellow bone marrow form RBCs

Answer 17

in emergencies only

Question 18

what is hematocrit

Answer 18

the % of total blood volume occupied by RBC

Question 19

what is the normal range of hematocrit in males and females

Answer 19

females: 38-46%
males: 40-54%

Question 20

what is anemia

Answer 20

significant decrease in hematocrit

low iron

Question 21

what is polycythemia

Answer 21

significant increase in hematocrit (increased viscosity)

Question 22

what are some possible causes for polycythemia

Answer 22

tissue hypoxia (body pumps out more RBCs to have more binding sites for O2)
dehydration (decreased BV)
blood doping (increased viscosity)
training in altitude

Question 23

what is another name for RBCs

Answer 23

erythrocytes

Question 24

what do erythrocytes contain

Answer 24

they contain oxygen carrying proteins called hemoglobin (gives blood its red color)

Question 25

at what rate do mature RBCs enter the system

Answer 25

>2 million/second

Question 26

what is the anatomy of and RBC

Answer 26

biconcave disc strong and flexible plasma membrane contain glycolipids which act as antigens lack a nucleus and other organelles

Question 27

what does not having a nucleus mean for the RBc

Answer 27

it does not consume the O2, it only carries it

Question 28

what is the function of an RBC

Answer 28

higly specialized o2 transport (also carries 20 % of CO2) contains hemoglobin helps in BP regulation generate ATP anaerobically

Question 29

what forms hemoglobin

Answer 29

globin (protein) | heme (where O2 binds)

Question 30

what gives the RBC its red color

Answer 30

oxydation of Fe2+

Question 31

what is heme

Answer 31

iron molecules

Question 32

what is the production of RBCs

Answer 32

erythropoiesis

Question 33

what is the process of erythropoiesis

Answer 33

begins in the red bone marrow | usually matures in 1-2 days after passes into the bloodstream

Question 34

what is the life span of an RBC

Answer 34

120 days

Question 35

what happens if the rate of destruction of the RBCs is faster than the rate of erythropoiesis

Answer 35

hypoxia | decreased # of hematocrit

Question 36

what are the causes of hypoxia (3)

Answer 36

high altitude anemia circulatory problems

Question 37

what lacks with anemia and what are the s/s

Answer 37

iron certain amino acids vitamin B12 s/s: fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skin

Question 38

what does hypoxia stimulates

Answer 38

kidneys to increase the release of erythropoietin

Question 39

what is erythropoietin

Answer 39

a hormone that travels to the red bone marrow to stimulate erythropoiesis to produce erythrocytes

Question 40

what is another name for WBC

Answer 40

leukocytes

Question 41

what is the anatomy of a WBC

Answer 41

contains a nucleus do not contain hemoglobin can be granular or agranular

Question 42

what are the types of WBC (5)

Answer 42

``` neutrophils (60%) lymphocytes (20-45%) monocytes(4-8%) eosinophils(1-4%) basophils (0.5%) ```

Question 43

which WBC are granular

Answer 43

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

Question 44

neutrophils

Answer 44

consume/destroy bacteria

Question 45

eosinophils

Answer 45

role in ending allergic reactions/ parasite infections | found along digestive tube

Question 46

basophils

Answer 46

release histamine in later stages of inflammation

Question 47

which WBC are agranular

Answer 47

lymphocytes | monocytes

Question 48

lymphocytes

Answer 48

role in immunity, react to specific foreign molecules

Question 49

monocytes

Answer 49

transform into macrophage | migrate from blood to tissues (chronic disease, viral infections)

Question 50

what are some general characteristics of WBC

Answer 50

life span: can live for months/years but usually a few days bc will be used during periods of infections only live a few hours

Question 51

what is leukoppenia

Answer 51

abnormal low levels of WBC

Question 52

what is leukopenia due to

Answer 52

radiation, shock, chemotherapy

Question 53

what is leukocytosis

Answer 53

increase in number of WBC

Question 54

what is the function ofWBC

Answer 54

combat pathogens entering the body by phagocytosis leave the bloodstream and enter the area of inflammation increase in number when the is inflammation or an injury

Question 55

t/f wbc return to the bloodstream after fighting inflammation

Answer 55

false

Question 56

what is another name for platelets

Answer 56

thrombocytes

Question 57

describe platelets

Answer 57

do not contain a nucleus aid in stopping blood loss by forming a platelet plug release chemicals which promote blood clotting removed by the system by fixed macrophages in the spleen and the liver

Question 58

what is the life span of a platelet

Answer 58

5-9 days

Question 59

can platelets also adhere to the lining of unhealthy vessels

Answer 59

yes results in scaring, inflammation, atherosclerosis results in unwanted clotting