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EXCI 254 final > The CV system > Flashcards

The CV system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 components of the CV system

A

blood
heart
blood vessels

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2
Q

what is the path of O2 and nutrients

A

blood
interstitial fluid
body cells

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3
Q

what is the path of CO2 and waste

A

body cells
interstitial fluid
blood

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4
Q

what are the general functions of the CV system

A

transportation
regulation
protection

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5
Q

what does the CV system transport

A 
O2
CO2
nutrients
heat
waste
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6
Q

what does the CV system regulate

A

ph
body temp
water content of cells

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7
Q

how does the CV system protect

A

clotting
phagocytosis
antibodies

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8
Q

what forms the blood

A

plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)

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9
Q

what is important for the blood’s viscosity

A

water (91.5% of blood plasma)

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10
Q

what composes the blood plasma

A
  1. 5% of water

8. 5% of solutes that are mostly plasma proteins

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11
Q

what are the 3 important plasma proteins in the blood plasma

A

albumin (#1)
globulins (antibodies)
fibrinogen

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12
Q

what is the role of albumin

A

transports fatty acids

helps keep H2O from diffusing out of the blood

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13
Q

what is the role of globulins

A

produced during certain immune responses, stimulated by foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses

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14
Q

what is the role of fibrinogen

A

essential for blood clotting

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15
Q

what are the formed elements of the blood

A

99% RBC

1% WBC and platelets

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16
Q

what is hemopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells that happens in the red bone marrow

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17
Q

when does the yellow bone marrow form RBCs

A

in emergencies only

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18
Q

what is hematocrit

A

the % of total blood volume occupied by RBC

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19
Q

what is the normal range of hematocrit in males and females

A

females: 38-46%
males: 40-54%

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20
Q

what is anemia

A

significant decrease in hematocrit

low iron

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21
Q

what is polycythemia

A

significant increase in hematocrit (increased viscosity)

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22
Q

what are some possible causes for polycythemia

A

tissue hypoxia (body pumps out more RBCs to have more binding sites for O2)
dehydration (decreased BV)
blood doping (increased viscosity)
training in altitude

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23
Q

what is another name for RBCs

A

erythrocytes

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24
Q

what do erythrocytes contain

A

they contain oxygen carrying proteins called hemoglobin (gives blood its red color)

25
Q

at what rate do mature RBCs enter the system

A

> 2 million/second

26
Q

what is the anatomy of and RBC

A

biconcave disc
strong and flexible plasma membrane
contain glycolipids which act as antigens
lack a nucleus and other organelles

27
Q

what does not having a nucleus mean for the RBc

A

it does not consume the O2, it only carries it

28
Q

what is the function of an RBC

A

higly specialized o2 transport (also carries 20 % of CO2)
contains hemoglobin
helps in BP regulation
generate ATP anaerobically

29
Q

what forms hemoglobin

A

globin (protein)

heme (where O2 binds)

30
Q

what gives the RBC its red color

A

oxydation of Fe2+

31
Q

what is heme

A

iron molecules

32
Q

what is the production of RBCs

A

erythropoiesis

33
Q

what is the process of erythropoiesis

A

begins in the red bone marrow

usually matures in 1-2 days after passes into the bloodstream

34
Q

what is the life span of an RBC

A

120 days

35
Q

what happens if the rate of destruction of the RBCs is faster than the rate of erythropoiesis

A

hypoxia

decreased # of hematocrit

36
Q

what are the causes of hypoxia (3)

A

high altitude
anemia
circulatory problems

37
Q

what lacks with anemia and what are the s/s

A

iron
certain amino acids
vitamin B12
s/s: fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skin

38
Q

what does hypoxia stimulates

A

kidneys to increase the release of erythropoietin

39
Q

what is erythropoietin

A

a hormone that travels to the red bone marrow to stimulate erythropoiesis to produce erythrocytes

40
Q

what is another name for WBC

A

leukocytes

41
Q

what is the anatomy of a WBC

A

contains a nucleus
do not contain hemoglobin
can be granular or agranular

42
Q

what are the types of WBC (5)

A 
neutrophils (60%)
lymphocytes (20-45%)
monocytes(4-8%)
eosinophils(1-4%)
basophils (0.5%)
43
Q

which WBC are granular

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

44
Q

neutrophils

A

consume/destroy bacteria

45
Q

eosinophils

A

role in ending allergic reactions/ parasite infections

found along digestive tube

46
Q

basophils

A

release histamine in later stages of inflammation

47
Q

which WBC are agranular

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

48
Q

lymphocytes

A

role in immunity, react to specific foreign molecules

49
Q

monocytes

A

transform into macrophage

migrate from blood to tissues (chronic disease, viral infections)

50
Q

what are some general characteristics of WBC

A

life span: can live for months/years but usually a few days bc will be used
during periods of infections only live a few hours

51
Q

what is leukoppenia

A

abnormal low levels of WBC

52
Q

what is leukopenia due to

A

radiation, shock, chemotherapy

53
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

increase in number of WBC

54
Q

what is the function ofWBC

A

combat pathogens entering the body by phagocytosis
leave the bloodstream and enter the area of inflammation
increase in number when the is inflammation or an injury

55
Q

t/f wbc return to the bloodstream after fighting inflammation

A

false

56
Q

what is another name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

57
Q

describe platelets

A

do not contain a nucleus
aid in stopping blood loss by forming a platelet plug
release chemicals which promote blood clotting
removed by the system by fixed macrophages in the spleen and the liver

58
Q

what is the life span of a platelet

A

5-9 days

59
Q

can platelets also adhere to the lining of unhealthy vessels

A

yes
results in scaring, inflammation, atherosclerosis
results in unwanted clotting

EXCI 254 final (10 decks)

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