urinary system/ male genital tract Flashcards
risk factors for UTI’s?
females, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, diabetes, obstruction e.g. stones or catheters.
describe bacteruria?
bacteria in the urine
what is a UTI?
urinary tract infection; the presence of pure growth of 10^5 organisms in fresh urine
examples of UTI’s?
urethritis (in urethra), cystitis (in bladder), prostatitis (in prostate), pyelonephritis (in kidney).
symptoms of cystitis>
frequency of PU, dysruria, urgency, haematuria, suprapubic pain
symptoms of prostatitis?
flu-like symptoms, swollen tender prostate
symptoms of pyelonephritis?
high fever, rigors, vomiting, loin pain, tenderness
causative organisms of UTI’s?
E.coli most common. also, staphylococcus, proteus an klebsiella
management of UTI’s?
drink fluids, urinate often, antibiotics (trimethoprim), hospital admission
function of the kidney?
maintenance of water, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis, excretion of toxic metabolic waste products, hormonal functions
hormones produced in the kidney and their functions?
renin - controls blood pressure. erythropoietin - stimulate production of RBC’s in the bone marrow and helps in the production of vitamin D.
describe acute renal failure?
a significant deteoriation in renal function occurring over hours or days.
signs of acute renal failure?
low urine volume <400ml/24 hours, rising plasma urea and creatinine levels
causes of renal failure?
ATN damage to tubules due to ischaemia nephrotoxins
pre-renal failure and post-renal failure causes?
pre-renal: hypo perfusion, sepsis. post-renal: renal tract obstructions
describe chronic renal failure?
classified into 5 stages based on GFR. symptoms occur at stage 4.
what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ?
the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time
causes of chronic renal failure?
diabetes, Reno vascular disease, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease
what is glomerulonephritis?
a group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus. it may cause a leak of protein or blood into urine
what are kidney stones?
crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and deposit in the renal tract
risk factors of kidney stones?
dehydration, dietary factors, drugs, renal tract abnormalities, recurrent UTI’s, metabolic abnormalities e.g. hyperthyroidism
most common renal cancer?
renal cell carcinoma
risk factors of renal cancer?
smoking, obesity, hypertension, exposure to asbestos, hereditary conditions
signs of renal cancer?
haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass
common malignant condition of the bladder?
transitional cell carcinomas
symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma?
painless haematuria, frequency, urgency, dysuria
treatment of transitional cell carcinomas?
diathermy, cystoscopy for small lesions, chemo/radio, radical cystectomy for late stages
describe the prostate?
a gland located at the base of the bladder, helps in the secretion and maintenance of semen and spermatozoa. weighs 20gm.
what is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
increase in the number of cells, resulting in the formation of nodules. prostate weighs 60-100gm in this condition.
signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
increased frequency, hesitancy, nocturia, terminal dribbling, enlarged prostate
signs and symptoms of prostatic cancer?
may be asymptomatic, nocturia, hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling. examination will show hard, irregular prostate
describe testicular torsion?
sudden onset of pain in 1 testis. swollen and tender testis, commonly occurs age 11-30.
signs and symptoms of testicular torsion?
pain in abdomen, nausea, vomititng,
risk factors for testicular tumours?
undescended testis, infant hernia, infertility
most common germ cell tumour?
seminoma
