female genital tract

Question 1

problems occurring within the female genital tract?

Answer 1

vaginal bleeding, pain, discharge, infertility

Question 2

what is a cervical smear test?

Answer 2

aims to detect early disease stages before they become invasive, cervix is viewed and sample of cells taken every 3 years for women over 25

Question 3

describe human papilloma virus (HPV)?

Answer 3

transmitted by sexual contact, asymptomatic, main cause of CIN and cancer

Question 4

describe cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)?

Answer 4

a microscopic lesion that affects the cervix and can potentially develop into cervical cancer if left untreated

Question 5

cervical cancer and risk factors?

Answer 5

2nd most common female malignancy. risk factors; HPV, smoking and non-attendance to smear test

Question 6

symptoms of cervical cancer?

Answer 6

abnormal discharge and bleeding

Question 7

describe cervical carcinoma

Answer 7

abnormal cervical cells and invasion, patients can present with inter-menstrual or post-coital bleeding

Question 8

describe endocervical polpys?

Answer 8

benign lesions that can be removed at hysterectomy. patients present with irregular vaginal bleeding; spotting

Question 9

what is menorrhagia?

Answer 9

heavy periods with more than 80mls of blood loss, caused by polyps,DUB, fibroids and endometriosis

Question 10

what are fibroids (leiomyomas)

Answer 10

common benign tumours, arise from the myometrium

Question 11

symptoms of fibroids?

Answer 11

patients present with heavy, painful periods, pelvic pain, distension

Question 12

describe endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Answer 12

caused by infections and STI’s, patients present with abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding. major cause of infertility

Question 13

describe endometriosis

Answer 13

common benign condition where the endometrial tissue is in the wrong location

Question 14

symptoms of endometriosis?

Answer 14

heavy, painful periods, painful sex, pelvic pain

Question 15

what are endometrial polyps?

Answer 15

benign growths that form on the endometrial cavity

Question 16

describe endometrial cancer?

Answer 16

cancer of the lining of the uterus, often presents as post-menopausal bleeding.

Question 17

types of ovarian cyst?

Answer 17

follicular cyst; benign and common <6cm. cystadenomas; large fluid filled cysts. benign mature teratomas; large cyst filled with a solid substance

Question 18

what is polycystic ovarian syndrome and its symptoms?

Answer 18

multiple cysts on ovaries. major cause of infertility. symptoms; irregular or no periods

Question 19

complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

Answer 19

risk of T2DM, CV risk, problems in pregnancy

Question 20

describe a miscarriage?

Answer 20

loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks. patients usually present with pv bleeding

Question 21

risk factors for miscarriage?

Answer 21

age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders, diabetes

Question 22

what is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 22

when a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb/uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. it is a gynaecological emergency

Question 23

symptoms of ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 23

pain and unilateral lower abdominal pain, raised HCG levels on blood test