musculoskeletal system

Question 1

parts of, and function of, the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

bones, muscles, joints, cartilage, tendons - musculoskeletal system provides support and gives us the ability to move

Question 2

two parts of the skeleton?

Answer 2

axial part, appendicular part

Question 3

parts of the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column.

Question 4

what causes fractures?

Answer 4

trauma; can occur in healthy bone or diseased bone

Question 5

aims of fracture treatment?

Answer 5

aims to realign bone to allow good function after healing, achieved with a plaster cast and sometimes surgery.

Question 6

describe the healing process of fractures;

Answer 6

ruptured blood vessels cause haematoma to fill the fracture gap, and a fibrin meshwork to allow formation of granulation tissue. inflammatory cells then release cytokines to activate osteoblasts and osteoclasts - development of a callous occurs in 1 week. bone deposition then strengthens callous.

Question 7

what is a callous?

Answer 7

the development of a cartilage cap

Question 8

obstacles that prevent healing?

Answer 8

misalignment, immobilised area, infection, dead bone

Question 9

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 9

a disease in bone mass and density, potentially leading to fractures.

Question 10

what causes osteoporosis?

Answer 10

imbalance between resorption and bone production, inadequate peak bone mass, excess bone resorption, inadequate bone production, lack of oestrogen, calcium metabolism, vitamin D deficiency.

Question 11

describe arthritis?

Answer 11

inflammation of a joint, characterised by pain, swelling, stiffness and causing restricted movement

Question 12

what is arthropathy?

Answer 12

joint disease or disorder.

Question 13

describe osteoarthritis?

Answer 13

most common form of arthritis, associated with increasing age and obesity. usually occurs n weight-baring joints.

Question 14

risk factors for osteoarthritis?

Answer 14

age, female, menopause, obesity, joint deformity, excess mechanical stress, genetic susceptibility, hypermobility.

Question 15

features of osteoarthritis?

Answer 15

morning stiffness, pain, reduced movement and mobility, joint effusions (fluid), crepitus

Question 16

where do osteophytes form?

Answer 16

beneath the soft tissue nodes.

Question 17

describe the pathogenesis for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 17

rheumatoid factors help form immune complexes in the circulation; causes inflammation in the synovium; synovial membranes thicken; chronic inflammation leads to cartilage and joint destruction

Question 18

features of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 18

affects small joints, hands, feet. causes pain, swelling, deformity, fever, fatigue. joints are often stiff without prior activity

Question 19

diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 19

need 4 of; morning stiffness, arthritis in three+ joints, arthritis of typical hand joints, symmetric arthritis, rheumatoid nodules, serum rheumatoid factor, radiographic changes

Question 20

describe crystal athropathy?

Answer 20

associated with intra-articular crystal formation; e.g. gout and pseud-gout.

Question 21

what is gout?

Answer 21

raised uric acid, urate is deposited as crystals in the joints.

Question 22

how is uric acid produced?

Answer 22

by the breakdown of purine bases by the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which is usually excreted by the kidneys

Question 23

features of gout?

Answer 23

sudden onset of excruciating burning hot pain, redness, warmth, tenderness, stiffness. usually first affects big toe.

Question 24

describe pseudo-gout?

Answer 24

calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease; precipitation of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in connective tissues. crystals in cartilage can enlarge and rupture, causing crystal shedding into joint cavity of soft tissues.

Question 25

where does pseudo-gout affect?

Answer 25

knees and ankles

Question 26

describe septic arthritis?

Answer 26

inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection.

Question 27

symptoms of septic arthritis?

Answer 27

pain, swelling, redness and heat in affected joints (usually the knees)

Question 28

treatment of septic arthritis

Answer 28

IV antibiotics, washout of joint

Question 29

describe osteomyelitis?

Answer 29

bone infection caused by infection, trauma, surgery, foreign bodies

Question 30

most common bone tumour?

Answer 30

metastatic disease from a distant cancer

Question 31

examples of primary bone tumours?

Answer 31

osteoid osteoma (benign), sarcoma (malignant)

Question 32

signs of bone cancer?

Answer 32

fever, night pain, weight loss, history of HIV or immunosuppression, history of cancer, v.young, elderly, steroid use, trauma history

Question 33

three types of muscle in the body?

Answer 33

striated, smooth, cardiac

Question 34

describe striated muscle and examples;

Answer 34

e.g. skeletal muscle; visible striations on microscopy, involved in voluntary movements

Question 35

problems with striated muscles?

Answer 35

muscular dystrophies, neuromuscular disorders

Question 36

describe smooth muscle?

Answer 36

forms muscle layer in walls of GI, duct, arteries, internal organs. involved in involuntary actions and is controlled by ANS.

Question 37

describe cardiac muscle?

Answer 37

heart muscle