respiratory pathology - non neoplastic

Question 1

parts of the upper airways?

Answer 1

nose, accessory air sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx

Question 2

parts of the lower airways?

Answer 2

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli, pleura

Question 3

which part of the respiratory system has cartilage in it’s wall?

Answer 3

trachea and bronchi

Question 4

muscle in the bronchioles wall?

Answer 4

smooth muscle

Question 5

where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 5

alveoli - the basic functional component of the lungs

Question 6

function of the upper airways in breathing?

Answer 6

warm, humidify and filter the air. the air is then carried through the respiratory tree down into the trachea, through the bronchioles and into the alveoli

Question 7

what happens to the body during inspiration?

Answer 7

the diaphragm flattens and moves down, the intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs up and out - this increases the volume in the thorax

Question 8

what happens to the pressure of the lungs during inspiration?

Answer 8

the pressure goes down, so that air can enter the lungs

Question 9

what happens to the body during expiration?

Answer 9

the diaphragm moves up, and the ribs move down and in. the pressure in the lungs increases, causing the lungs to recoil and push air out

Question 10

what is an infection of the upper airways?

Answer 10

acute inflammatory process affecting mucous membranes of the respiratory tract - virus attaches and invades respiratory mucosa causing damage and inflammation

Question 11

symptoms of upper airway infection?

Answer 11

malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge

Question 12

examples of upper airway infections?

Answer 12

tonsillitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis

Question 13

example of infection of the lower airways?

Answer 13

pneumonia

Question 14

describe pneumonia

Answer 14

inflammation of the lung parenchyma due to bacterial infection - the distal airways and air spaces become consolidated and filled with inflammatory exudate and pus

Question 15

causes of pneumonia?

Answer 15

infectious agents, inhalation of chemicals, chest wall trauma,

Question 16

clinical features of pneumonia?

Answer 16

SOB, fever, rigours, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum and cough

Question 17

common organism in community acquired pneumonia?

Answer 17

streptococci pneumonia

Question 18

what is hospital acquired pneumonia?

Answer 18

any pneumonia contracted by patient at least 48-72 hours after admission. it is usually bacterial - gram negative bacilli and staphylococcus aureus

Question 19

symptoms of hospital acquired pneumonia?

Answer 19

fever, increased WBC, cough with purulent sputum, chest x-ray change

Question 20

describe aspiration pneumonia

Answer 20

develops after inhalation of foreign material such as food or fluid, caused by oral flora and other bacteria

Question 21

describe obstructive disorders?

Answer 21

characterised by partial or complete obstruction at any level from the trachea and respiratory bronchioles

Question 22

describe restrictive disorders?

Answer 22

characterised by reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity.

Question 23

describe emphysema

Answer 23

COPD. irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles leading to destruction of their walls, and reduced surface area for gas exchange

Question 24

clinical symptoms of emphysema?

Answer 24

dyspnoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss, expiratory airflow limitation - pink puffers, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax

Question 25

describe chronic bronchitis?`

Answer 25

COPD. persistent cough with sputum production for at least three months in at least 2 consecutive years without any other identifiable cause

Question 26

morphology of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 26

mucous membrane hypraemia, swelling, odema, excessive mucous excretions, narrowing of bronchioles, inflammation and fibrosis

Question 27

clinical symptoms of bronchitis?

Answer 27

persistent cough productive of sputum, dyspnoea of exertion, blue/cyanosed, hypercapnia, hypoxemia

Question 28

describe asthma

Answer 28

a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, characterised by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough,

Question 29

types of asthma?

Answer 29

extrinsic - response to inhaled antigen, intrinsic, atopic (IgE mediated hypersensitivity)

Question 30

early phase reaction of asthma?

Answer 30

bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

Question 31

late phase reaction of asthma?

Answer 31

inflammation, epithelial damage, bronchoconstriction

Question 32

symptoms of asthma?

Answer 32

chest tightness, wheezing, dysnpnoea, cough, sputum, increase in airflow obstruction, difficulty with exhalation

Question 33

describe bronchiectasis

Answer 33

permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions. it involves the loss of cilia, increased mucus and destruction of walls

Question 34

symptoms of bronchiectasis

Answer 34

persistent cough, purulent sputum increase, haemoptysis

Question 35

clinical features of restrictive lung disease?

Answer 35

dyspnoea, tachypnea, end-inspiratory crackles, cyanosis without wheezing, reduction in gas diffusing capacity, lung volume and compliance

Question 36

morphology of restrictive lung disease?

Answer 36

bilateral infiltrtive lesions on x-ray, scarring and gross destruction of lung

Question 37

describe pulmonary embolism

Answer 37

a vascular disorder; blockage of the main or branch of pulmonary artery by an embolus

Question 38

clinical course of pulmonary embolism?

Answer 38

abrupt onset of pleuritic chest pain, SOB, hypoxia, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure

Question 39

describe pulmonary oedema

Answer 39

accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs

Question 40

most common cause of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 40

left sided heart failure

Question 41

morphology of pulmonary oedema

Answer 41

initial fluid accumulation in basal regions, enlarged alveolar capillaries, intra-alveolar granular pink precipitate, alveolar microhaemorrhages, and heavy, wet lungs

Question 42

clinical features of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 42

SOB, pink frothy sputum, characteristic CXR findings

Question 43

examples of miscellaneous problems

Answer 43

expansion; pneumothorax or atelectasis and respiratory failure