the endocrine system

Question 1

parts of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

hypothalamus and pineal gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, kidneys, pancreas, ovaries/testes

Question 2

function of the endocrine system

Answer 2

secrete hormones to cause an effect

Question 3

hormones produced by the posterior pituitary of the hypothalamus?

Answer 3

ADH and oxytocin

Question 4

hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 4

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin

Question 5

where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 5

below the hypothalamus

Question 6

pituitary diseases?

Answer 6

hyperpituitarism; hyper-secretion of the pituitary hormones. hypopituitarism: under-functioning of the pituitary gland (75% loss of anterior pituitary parenchyma), local mass effect that compresses the optic chiasm

Question 7

what causes hyperpituitarism?

Answer 7

most common; adenoma of the anterior lobe. also, cancer and hyperplasia

Question 8

causes of hypopituitarism?

Answer 8

ischeamic necrosis of the pituitary, non-functioning adenomas, surgery, irradiation, inflammatory lesions

Question 9

function of the thyroid gland?

Answer 9

produces thyroxine - T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) which increase metabolism, growth, development and increase catecholamine effect

Question 10

describe hyperthyroidism and its causes:

Answer 10

overactive thyroid gland due to too much thyroxine. caused by graves disease, infective thyroiditis, toxic multinodular goitre and toxic adenoma

Question 11

symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 11

intolerance to heat, finger clubbing, tremors, diarrhoea, menstrual changes, fine straight hair, bulging eyes, facial flushing, enlarged thyroid, tachycardia, high systolic BP, breast enlargement, weight loss, localised oedema, muscle wasting

Question 12

treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 12

drugs; carbimazole and propylthiouracil; radioiodine, thyroidectomy

Question 13

actions of hyperthyroidism drug treatments?

Answer 13

carbimazole and propythiouracil; blocks the production of thyroxine

Question 14

describe hypothyroidism and its causes:

Answer 14

underactive thyroid gland, caused by iodine deficiency, hashimoto’s thyroiditis, latrogenic surgery/ radioiodine, pituitary defects and congenital causes

Question 15

symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 15

hair loss, apathy, lethargy, dry skin, muscle aches/weakness, constipation, receding hairline, facial and eyelid oedema, fatigue, anorexia, brittle nails and hair.

Question 16

management of hypothyroidism?

Answer 16

thyroxine

Question 17

most common type of thyroid cancer?

Answer 17

papillary carcinoma

Question 18

function of parathyroid gland?

Answer 18

responsible for calcium metabolism

Question 19

describe hypoparathyroidism and causes;

Answer 19

occurs when there is too little calcium inn the body; caused by autoimmune conditions, congenital causes and thyroidectomy

Question 20

describe hyperparathyroidism and causes;

Answer 20

high calcium levels in the body; primary cause is adenoma, secondary; chronic renal failure and tertiary causes; after renal transplant

Question 21

symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 21

irratibility, tetany, seizures

Question 22

symptoms of hyperparathyroidism:

Answer 22

symptoms are a result of hypercalcaemia; constipation, depression, seizures, muscle wasting, polyuria, bone fractures and kidney stones

Question 23

what is a goitre?

Answer 23

swelling of the thyroid gland, can cause choking and breathing problems

Question 24

hormone production of the adrenal glands?

Answer 24

zona reticularis; sex hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone. zona fasciculate; glucocorticoids such as cortisol. zona glomerulosa; mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone

Question 25

action of cortisol?

Answer 25

regulates blood sugar, inhibits inflammation and is produced as a stress response

Question 26

what causes cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 26

excess cortisol release, ACTH releasing tumour and steroids

Question 27

symptoms of cushing syndrome?

Answer 27

emotional disturbance, moon face, enlarged selia turicia, osteoporosis, cardiac hypertrophy, buffalo hump, obesity, adrenal tumour, thin, wrinkled skin, abdominal striae, muscle weakness, skin ulcers and poor wound healing

Question 28

what is addisons disease?

Answer 28

adrenal insufficiency caused by autoimmune, infection and neoplasm

Question 29

signs and symptoms of addisons disease?

Answer 29

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, low sodium, high potassium

Question 30

what does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 30

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 31

adrenal medulla diseases?

Answer 31

phaeochromocytoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia