the endocrine system Flashcards
parts of the endocrine system?
hypothalamus and pineal gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, kidneys, pancreas, ovaries/testes
function of the endocrine system
secrete hormones to cause an effect
hormones produced by the posterior pituitary of the hypothalamus?
ADH and oxytocin
hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin
where is the pituitary gland located?
below the hypothalamus
pituitary diseases?
hyperpituitarism; hyper-secretion of the pituitary hormones. hypopituitarism: under-functioning of the pituitary gland (75% loss of anterior pituitary parenchyma), local mass effect that compresses the optic chiasm
what causes hyperpituitarism?
most common; adenoma of the anterior lobe. also, cancer and hyperplasia
causes of hypopituitarism?
ischeamic necrosis of the pituitary, non-functioning adenomas, surgery, irradiation, inflammatory lesions
function of the thyroid gland?
produces thyroxine - T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) which increase metabolism, growth, development and increase catecholamine effect
describe hyperthyroidism and its causes:
overactive thyroid gland due to too much thyroxine. caused by graves disease, infective thyroiditis, toxic multinodular goitre and toxic adenoma
symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
intolerance to heat, finger clubbing, tremors, diarrhoea, menstrual changes, fine straight hair, bulging eyes, facial flushing, enlarged thyroid, tachycardia, high systolic BP, breast enlargement, weight loss, localised oedema, muscle wasting
treatment for hyperthyroidism?
drugs; carbimazole and propylthiouracil; radioiodine, thyroidectomy
actions of hyperthyroidism drug treatments?
carbimazole and propythiouracil; blocks the production of thyroxine
describe hypothyroidism and its causes:
underactive thyroid gland, caused by iodine deficiency, hashimoto’s thyroiditis, latrogenic surgery/ radioiodine, pituitary defects and congenital causes
symptoms of hypothyroidism
hair loss, apathy, lethargy, dry skin, muscle aches/weakness, constipation, receding hairline, facial and eyelid oedema, fatigue, anorexia, brittle nails and hair.
management of hypothyroidism?
thyroxine
most common type of thyroid cancer?
papillary carcinoma
function of parathyroid gland?
responsible for calcium metabolism
describe hypoparathyroidism and causes;
occurs when there is too little calcium inn the body; caused by autoimmune conditions, congenital causes and thyroidectomy
describe hyperparathyroidism and causes;
high calcium levels in the body; primary cause is adenoma, secondary; chronic renal failure and tertiary causes; after renal transplant
symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?
irratibility, tetany, seizures
symptoms of hyperparathyroidism:
symptoms are a result of hypercalcaemia; constipation, depression, seizures, muscle wasting, polyuria, bone fractures and kidney stones
what is a goitre?
swelling of the thyroid gland, can cause choking and breathing problems
hormone production of the adrenal glands?
zona reticularis; sex hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone. zona fasciculate; glucocorticoids such as cortisol. zona glomerulosa; mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone
action of cortisol?
regulates blood sugar, inhibits inflammation and is produced as a stress response
what causes cushing’s syndrome?
excess cortisol release, ACTH releasing tumour and steroids
symptoms of cushing syndrome?
emotional disturbance, moon face, enlarged selia turicia, osteoporosis, cardiac hypertrophy, buffalo hump, obesity, adrenal tumour, thin, wrinkled skin, abdominal striae, muscle weakness, skin ulcers and poor wound healing
what is addisons disease?
adrenal insufficiency caused by autoimmune, infection and neoplasm
signs and symptoms of addisons disease?
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, low sodium, high potassium
what does the adrenal medulla produce?
adrenaline and noradrenaline
adrenal medulla diseases?
phaeochromocytoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia
