injuries to cells

Question 1

define hyperplasia

Answer 1

an increase in cell number, resulting in a larger hypertrophied organ

Question 2

define hypertrophy

Answer 2

cell adaptation that involves the increase in the size of the cell, resulting in an increased size organ (e.g. body building)

Question 3

define metaplasia

Answer 3

when one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. it is reversible e.g. reflux

Question 4

define atrophy

Answer 4

shrinkage of the size of the cell, by loss of cell substance

Question 5

causes of cellular injury?

Answer 5

hypoxia, ischaemia, chemical exposure, infection, radiation, lack of nutrients, immunologic reactions, ageing

Question 6

types of cell death?

Answer 6

necrosis - damage to cell membrane allow enzymes to digest the cell.
apoptosis - programmed cell death

Question 7

types of necrosis?

Answer 7

coagulative (caused by infarction or ischaemia), liquefactive (bacterial/fungal), caseous (dead tissue), fat (pseudo-mass, presents as lump)

Question 8

what causes apoptosis?

Answer 8

activation of enzymes called caspases

Question 9

mechanisms of cellular injury?

Answer 9

depletion of ATP, mitochondria injury, influx of calcium, DNA / cell membrane damage, oxidative stress

Question 10

what is neoplasia?

Answer 10

formation or presence of new, abnormal growth of tissue. mild DNA damage leads to mutation