Urinary System - Chapter 11 Flashcards
The kidneys excrete metabolic wastes, including urea, a by-product of glucose metabolism.
True
False
False
*Urea is a by-product of amino acid metabolism.
The major organs in the urinary system are the ________, and their role is in waste excretion.
Kidneys
Water
Nephron
Capsule
Ureters
Surface
Urethra
Kidneys
90-95% of urine is ___________.
Kidneys
Water
Nephron
Capsule
Ureters
Surface
Urethra
Water
The functional unit of the kidney is called the ____________.
Kidneys
Water
Nephron
Capsule
Ureters
Surface
Urethra
Nephron
The Bowman’s __________ is the site where blood plasma is filtered into the urinary system.
Kidneys
Water
Nephron
Capsule
Ureters
Surface
Urethra
Capsule
The many folds and twists of the nephron is to increase ____________ area.
Kidneys
Water
Nephron
Capsule
Surface
Ureters
Urethra
Surface
Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder through tubes called ___________.
Kidneys
Water
Nephron
Capsule
Ureters
Surface
Urethra
Ureters
Urine exits the body through a tube called the __________.
Kidneys
Water
Nephron
Capsule
Ureters
Surface
Urethra
Urethra
Which of the following is a metabolic waste product?
Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
All of the answer choices are metabolic waste products.
All of the answer choices are metabolic waste products.
Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?
Maintenance of water-salt balance
Excretion of metabolic wastes
Maintenance of the acid-base balance
Secretion of hormones
All of the choices are functions of the urinary system
All of the choices are functions of the urinary system.
Why does urine frequently have an acidic pH?
The blood has an acidic pH, and the kidneys produce urine similar to the pH of the blood.
The kidneys filter and excrete excess H+ from the blood.
There is a high concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCI) in the urine, making it highly acidic.
The kidneys absorb H+ ions and excrete the bicarbonate ions.
The kidneys produce H+ in the process of filtering the blood.
The kidneys filter and excrete excess H+ from the blood.
*The kidneys remove and excrete excess H+ from blood in order to maintain a blood pH of 7.4.
The kidneys are involved in the synthesis of vitamin D, and thereby assist with calcium homeostasis.
True
False
True
*This is another function of the kidneys. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption from the digestive tract.
The kidneys help to maintain blood pressure by monitoring the pH of the blood.
True
False
False
*The kidneys help to maintain blood pressure by monitoring the water-salt balance of the blood.
What are the walls of the ureter composed of?
Fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, and mucous membrane.
Skeletal muscle and mucous membrane
Skeletal muscle, fibrous connective tissue, and cartilage
Mucous membrane, smooth muscle, and fibrous connective tissue.
Mucous membrane and fibrous connective tissue.
Mucous membrane, smooth muscle, and fibrous connective tissue.
*The three layers of the wall of the ureter are a mucous membrane, a smooth muscle layer, and fibrous connective tissue.
Which of the following organs of the urinary system is the storage area for urine?
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Renal pelvis
Kidney
Bladder
*The bladder will store urine until the urination reflex stimulates an individual to urinate. The kidneys produce urine. The ureter transfers urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The renal pelvis acts as a funnel, transferring urine to the ureter. The urethra is the tube that releases urine to the outside of the body.
The urethra is controlled by two sphincters, one composed of smooth muscle and one composed of skeletal muscle.
True
False
True
*The smooth muscle sphincter is involuntarily controlled, while the skeletal muscle one can be voluntarily controlled.
The urethra in females is much longer than in males.
True
False
False
*The urethra in males averages 20 cm long, while in females it measures 4 cm long.
Which of the following is a part of the kidney?
Pelvis
Cortex
Collecting Ducts
Medulla
All of the answer choices are parts of the kidney.
All of the answers are parts of the kidney.
The collecting duct of the nephron originates in what region of the kidney and extends to what region of the kidney?
Renal cortex to the renal pelvis
Renal pelvis to the renal medulla
Renal cortex to the renal medulla
Renal medulla to the renal cortex
Renal medulla to the renal pelvis
Renal cortex to the renal pelvis
*The collecting duct originates in the renal cortex and extends to the renal pelvis
Which of the following is part of a nephron?
Glomerular capsule
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule
All of the answer choices are parts of a nephron.
All of the answer choices are parts of a nephron.
Place the parts of the nephron in order of how filtration would occur.
- Ascending limb of the loop
- Descending limb of the loop
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Glomerulus
- Collecting duct
- Distal convoluted tubule
4, 3, 2, 1, 6, 5
*Filtrate moves from the glomerulus to the proximal convoluted tubule, through the descending limb and then the ascending limb, and finally to the collecting duct.
Humans should urinate at least four to ______________ times a day.
Six
Detrusor
Reflex
Milliliters
No
Six
The bladder’s muscular wall is made of smooth muscle called _____________ muscle.
- Six
- Detrusor
- Reflex
- Milliliters
- No
Detrusor
The micturition __________ can initiate urination.
- Six
- Detrusor
- Reflex
- No
Reflex
At about 400-500 _____________ of urine the pressure to urinate becomes uncomfortable.
- Six
- Detrusor
- Reflex
- Milliliters
- No
Milliliters
In the long term, is it good to hold your pee?
Yes
No
No
Why do water and small molecules move from the glomerulus into the filtrate?
Glomerular blood pressure
Active transport
Diffusion against the concentration gradient
Secretion
Diffusion down the concentration gradient
Glomerular blood pressure
*Due to glomerular blood pressure, water and small molecules move from the glomerulus to the inside of the glomerular capsule as part of the filtrate.
Substances that are nonfilterable in the glomerulus exit the nephron through the afferent arteriole.
True
False
False
*Substances that are nonfilterable in the glomerulus exit the nephron through the efferent arteriole.
What are the two ways substances are removed from the blood and added to forming urine?
- Glomerular secretion and tubular secretion
- Tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption
- Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption
- Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
- Glomerular secretion and tubular reabsorption
Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
*Substances are removed from the blood during glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.
While glucose is filtered out at the glomerulus, none is excreted in the urine. What happens to the glucose?
It is reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubule.
It is reabsorbed from the collecting duct.
It is secreted at the proximal convoluted tubule.
It is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.
It is secreted at the distal convoluted tubule.
It is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.
*Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.
Why does glucose appear in the urine of a diabetic?
The volume of urine is too great to filter.
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle secretes glucose into the urine.
No glucose is filtered into the glomerular filtrate.
The carriers for glucose reabsorption reach their maximum rate of transport.
The carriers for glucose reabsorption reach their maximum rate of transport.
*The level of glucose is so high in the blood and the carriers for glucose reabsorption reach their maximum rate of transport, excess glucose remains in the urine.
The kidneys interact with every other organ system of the human body in maintaining homeostasis.
True
False
True
*The kidneys play a major role in homeostasis in the body and interact with every other organ system.
The reabsorption of water in the kidneys always precedes the reabsorption of salt.
True
False
False
*The reabsorption of salt in the kidneys always preceded the reabsorption of water.
Which of the hormones involved in the regulation of water-salt balance is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
ADH
Testosterone
Aldosterone
ANH
Renin
Renin
*Renin is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus when blood volume falls too low for filtration to occur.
What effect does ANH have on renin?
It promotes its production.
It produces additional hormones that accelerate the production of renin.
It inhibits its secretion.
It inhibits its production.
It promotes its secretion.
It inhibits its secretion.
*ANH inhibits the secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
The inner medulla of the kidney is ___________ to the loop of Henley and therefore, water leaves the loop at the descending limb and collecting duct.
Hypotonic
Balanced
Isotonic
Hypertonic
None of the answer choices is correct.
Hypertonic
*The inner medulla is hypertonic and thus draws water out of the loop.
If you do not drink enough water, which hormone will the hypothalamus produce to regulate urine?
Aldosterone
ANH
ADH
Diuretics
Renin
ADH
*The hypothalamus produces ADH if our water intake has been too low.
After running a marathon, it is best to drink water to restore what was lost due to heavy sweating.
True
False
False
*It is best to drink sports drinks that contain sodium and water, both of which are lost due to heavy sweating.
Why do some people avoid drinking beverages with caffeine right before bedtime?
It can cause a headache if consumed late at night.
It increases the flow of urine and causes you to go to the bathroom during the night.
It may affect the ability to sleep, but caffeine has very little effect on the urinary system.
It decreases the flow of urine and can cause kidney stones.
It can lead to diarrhea.
It increases the flow of urine and causes you to go to the bathroom during the night.
*Caffeine is a diuretic and increases the flow of urine.
What is the normal pH of blood?
Neutral
Extremely basic
Extremely acidic
Slightly acidic
Slightly basic
Slightly basic
*Blood has a pH of 7.4, which is slightly basic.
What effect does cellular respiration have on the pH of the blood?
It decreases the amount of hydrogen ions in the blood.
It increases the amount of hydrogen ions in the blood.
It raises the pH.
It does not affect the pH.
It lowers the pH.
It lowers the pH.
*Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide, which combines with water to form carbonic acid, thereby lowering the pH of the blood.
What is an infection of the urinary bladder called?
Urethritis
Uremia
Pyelonephritis
Hemodialysis
Cystitis
Cystitis
*Cystitis is an infection of the urinary bladder.
What is one of the earliest signs of nephron damage?
The absence of urination
Extreme pain
Albumin or formed elements in the urine
Edema
Burning upon urination
Albumin or formed elements in the urine.
*One of the first signs of nephron damage is albumin, white blood cells and/or red blood cells in the urine.
In CAPD, what serves as the dialysis membrane?
The peritoneum
The kidneys themselves
A filter inside the instrument
The pleural membrane
The walls of the blood vessels
The peritoneum.
*The peritoneum serves as the dialysis membrane.
The success rate for a kidney transplant from even a relative is fairly low.
True
False
False
*The success rate for a kidney transplant from a relative is 97%.
How many openings (inputs and outputs) are there in the urinary bladder?
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Three
*There are three openings of the bladder – one for the urethra and two for the ureters.
How are excretion and defecation alike?
Both are carried out by the urinary system.
Both eliminate waste from the body.
Both are carried out by the digestive system.
Both involve the kidneys.
Both involve the colon.
Both eliminate waste from the body.
*Excretion removes metabolic waste from the body while defecation removes undigested food and bacteria from the body.
The kidneys convert vitamin D and thereby assist calcium homeostasis.
True
False
True
*This is another function of the kidneys. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption from the digestive tract.
The renal pelvis is continuous with the ______________.
Renal cortex
Bladder
Urethra
Ureter
Nephrons
Ureter
*The renal pelvis is a central space that is continuous with the ureter.
Which of the following is not part of a nephron?
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Collecting Duct
Ureter
Ureter
*The collecting duct empties into the ureter, but the ureter is not part of a nephron.
Each nephron has its own collecting duct.
True
False
False
*Several nephrons enter the same collecting duct.
Which part of the nephron contains podocytes?
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Ascending limb of the loop
Descending limb of the loop
Glomerular capsule
Glomerular capsule
*The podocytes cling to the capillary walls of the glomerulus within the glomerular capsule.
List the three processes involved in the formation of urine in order.
- Tubular secretion
- Tubular reabsorption
- Glomerular filtration
3, 2, 1
*Glomerular filtration is followed by tubular reabsorption and then tubular secretion.
Which molecule is secreted from the peritubular capillary network into the convoluted tubules?
Water
Salt
H+
Nutrients
Plasma proteins
H+
*H+ is actively secreted from the peritubular capillary network into the convoluted tubules.
List the three processes involved in the formation of urine in order.
- Tubular secretion
- Tubular reabsorption
- Glomerular filtration
1,3,2
3,2,1
1,2,3
2,1,3
2,3,1
3,2,1
*Glomerular filtration is followed by tubular reabsorption and then tubular secretion.
The urethra is controlled by two sphincters, one composed of smooth muscle and one composed of skeletal muscle.
True
False
True
*The smooth muscle of the sphincter is involuntarily controlled, while the skeletal muscle one can be voluntarily controlled.
What effect does cellular respiration have on the pH of blood?
It decreases the amount of hydrogen ions in the blood
It increases the amount of hydroxide ions in the blood.
It raises the pH.
It does not affect pH.
It lowers the pH.
It lowers the pH.
*Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide, which combines with water to form carbonic acid, thereby lowering the pH of blood.
