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Biology 100 Intro/Human Biology > Muscular System - Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Muscular System - Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle all have in common?

They are all uninucleated

They are all striated

They are all found in the walls of blood vessels

The cells of these muscles are all called muscle fibers

They all interlock at intercalated disks

A

The cells of these muscles are all called muscle fibers.

*The cells of all three types of muscle tissues are called muscle fibers.

(section 13.1)

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2
Q

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which has multinucleated fibers?

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Both smooth and skeletal muscles

Both cardiac and smooth muscles

A

Skeletal muscle

*Only skeletal muscle has multinucleated fibers.

(section 13.1)

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3
Q

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which is voluntary?

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Both smooth and skeletal

Both cardiac and skeletal

A

Skeletal muscle

*Skeletal muscle is voluntary.

(section 13.1)

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4
Q

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which is not striated?

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal and smooth lack striations

Cardiac and smooth lack striations

A

Smooth muscle

*Smooth muscle is not striated.

(section 13.1)

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle contractions play a role in returning the venous blood to the heart.

True

False

A

True

*True, the skeletal muscle contractions play a role in returning the venous blood to the heart.

(section 13.5)

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6
Q

What is found within the intercalated disks of cardiac muscle?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Gap junctions

Dense connective tissue

Bone

Myoglobin

A

Gap junctions

*Gap junctions are found at intercalated disks to permit contractions to spread quickly.

(section 13.1)

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7
Q

Because the heart beats continuously, cardiac fibers never relax completely.

True

False

A

False

*Cardiac fibers relax completely between contractions, which prevents fatigue.

(section 13.1)

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8
Q

Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscles?

Pumping of blood throughout the body

Support

Movement of bones

Maintenance of body temperature

Protection of internal organs

A

Pumping of blood throughout the body.

*Cardiac muscle makes up the heart that pumps blood throughout the body.

(section 13.1)

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9
Q

From the outside of a muscle coming in, the first thing encountered would be

Fascia.

Fascicle.

Dense connective tissue.

Muscle fiber.

Myofibril.

A

Fascia

*Muscles are covered with fascia, a type of connective tissue.

(section 13.1)

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10
Q

What structure attaches a muscle to a bone?

Ligaments

Tendons

Bursae

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasm

A

Tendons

*Tendons connect muscles to bone. Bursae act as a cushion in the connection. Sarcolemma are the plasma membranes of a muscle fiber. Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

(section 13.1)

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11
Q

What muscle works in a pair with biceps brachii?

The triceps brachii

The trapezius

The masseter

The pectoralis major

The sartorius

A

The triceps brachii

*The biceps brachii and triceps brachii are a pair of antagonistic muscles.

(section 13.1)

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12
Q

Muscles can only pull; they can not push.

True

False

A

True

*Muscles can only contract and pull on the bone they are attached to.

(section 13.1)

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13
Q

The origin of a muscle is on a stationary bone.

True

False

A

True

*The origin is on the stationary bone while the insertion is on the bone that moves.

(section 13.1)

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14
Q

Which of the following is not a term that refers to how muscles work?

Prime mover

Synergists

Antagonists

Synergism

Origin

A

Synergism

*Synergism is not a term that refers to muscle movement.

(section 13.1)

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15
Q

What is the deltoid muscle shaped like?

A long thin line

A square

A triangle

A circle

A trapezoid

A

A triangle

*The Greek letter delta looks like a triangle and the deltoid is shaped like a triangle.

(section 13.1)

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16
Q

What does the word b​revis mean when referring to a muscle?

A

Short

*Brevis mean short and is used to indicate the size of a muscle.

(section 13.1)

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17
Q

What is the name of a muscle that is responsible for blinking and winking?

Latissimus dorsi

Trapezius

Pectoralis major

Orbicularis oculi

Extensor digitorum

A

Orbicularis oculi

*The orbicularis oculi is around the eye and is responsible for blinking and winking.

(section 13.1)

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18
Q

What information does the word rectus give you about a muscle?

The size of the muscle fibers

The attachment of the muscle fibers

The action of the muscle fibers

The shape of the muscle fibers

The direction of muscle fibers

A

The direction of muscle fibers.

*Rectus means straight and gives information about the direction of the muscle fibers.

(section 13.1)

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19
Q

Which of the following does not attach to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Rib

Clavicle

Sternum

Mastoid process

Skull

A

Rib

*The sternocleidomastoid does not attach to a rib.

(section 13.1)

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20
Q

Which way does the adductor longus move the thigh?

Away from the midline

Toward the midline

In a circle

In a cone

Towards the back

A

Toward the midline

*The adductor longus adducts the thigh or moves it toward the midline. It also raises the thigh.

(section 13.1)

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21
Q

What is the biggest muscle (in terms of mass) in the body?

Gluteus maximus

Sartoris

Stapedius

Quadriceps femoris

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Gluteus maximus

*The gluteus maximus which makes up the buttocks is the largest muscle in the body.

(section 13.1)

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22
Q

What does the word sarco mean?

Large

Short

Muscle

Tubule

Smooth

A

Muscle

*The word sarco means muscle.

(section 13.2)

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23
Q

Several of the structures in the muscle cell are given special names. For example, the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasm. Which of the following is truly a unique structure to muscle cells (not just a renamed one)?

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Transverse (T) system

Plasma membrane

A

Transverse (T) system

*The T system is not found in other types of cells.

(section 13.2)

24
Q

A muscle fiber is made up of many

Muscle cells.

T Tubules.

Myofibrils.

Fascicles.

Bursa.

A

Myofibrils.

*A muscle fiber is made up of many myofibrils divided into sarcomeres.

(section 13.2)

25
Q

One sarcomere

Extends from Z line to Z line.

Is composed of many myofibrils.

Contains only actin fibers.

Is composed of many muscle fibers.

Surrounds each muscle in the body.

A

Extends from Z line to Z line.

*A sarcomere extends between two dark vertical lines called Z lines.

(section 13.2)

26
Q

What ion is responsible for initiating muscle contraction?

Mg2+

Ca2+

H+

Cl-

Na+

A

Ca2+

*Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate muscle contraction.

(section 13.2)

27
Q

When a muscle contracts, the H band almost disappears.

True

False

A

True

*The H band is the area in the center of the sarcomere that almost disappears when the muscle contracts.

(section 13.2)

28
Q

What happens to the actin and myosin filaments when a muscle contracts?

Both of them shorten.

Both of them lengthen.

Both stay the same length.

Actin shortens while myosin lengthens.

Myosin shortens while actin lengthens.

A

Both stay the same length.

*The actin and myosin filaments stay the same length when a muscle contracts. They just slide past each other.

(section 13.2)

29
Q

What supplies the energy for muscle contractions?

Actin

Myosin

Tropomyosin

ATP

Ca^2+

A

ATP

*ATP supplies the energy necessary for muscle contraction.

(section 13.2)

30
Q

Each actin molecule is shaped like a golf club, with a straight portion ending a globular head.

True

False

A

False

*Each myosin molecule is shaped like a golf club.

(section 13.2)

31
Q

What does troponin bind to, and what happens when it binds?

Ca2+; tropomyosin shifts

Tropomyosin; the sarcomere relaxes

Acetylcholine; the sarcomere shortens

ATP; tropomyosin returns to normal

T tubules; the sarcomere shortens

A

Ca2+, tropomyosin shifts

*Troponin binds to Ca2+ and this results in a shift of the tropomyosin threads, exposing myosin-binding sites.

(section 13.2)

32
Q

____________ muscle tissue is found in the walls of all your hollow visceral organs, like your stomach, and airways, and blood vessels.

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Myofibrils

Fascicles

Calcium

A

Smooth.

33
Q

Your heart gets its very own muscle tissue type – _________ muscle, looks striped, or striated, and function involuntarily to keep your blood pumping.

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Myofibrils

Fascicles

Calcium

A

Cardiac

34
Q

Humans have 640 __________ muscles.

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Myofibrils

Fascicles

Calcium

A

Skeletal

35
Q

Muscle fibers form string-like bundles called ______________, which combine to form the larger rope like muscle organ.

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Myofibrils

Fascicles

Calcium

A

Fascicles.

36
Q

In order for actin and myosin to bind and cause muscle contraction, the cells need ATP and ___________ to move troponin and tropomyosin out of the way of binding sites.

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Myofibrils

Fasciles

Calcium

A

Calcium.

37
Q

What is found within the intercalacated disks of cardiac muscle?

Myoglobin

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Dense connective tissue

Bone

Gap junctions

A

Gap junctions.

*Gap junctions are found at intercalacated disks to permit contractions to spread quickly.

38
Q

One motor neuron activates one muscle fiber.

True

False

A

False

*One motor neuron can stimulate from a few to several muscle fibers of a muscle because each axon has several branches.

39
Q

What is the name of the small gap that separates the axon terminal of a nerve from the sarcolemma?

Sliding filament

Synaptic vesicle

Synaptic cleft

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

T tubule

A

Synaptic cleft

*The small gap is called a synaptic cleft. The entire region is call a neuromuscular junction.

40
Q

One motor unit obeys a principle called the all-or-none law.

True

False

A

True.

*All the muscle fibers in a motor unit are stimulated at once. They all either contract or do not contract.

41
Q

What is happening during the latent period of a muscle twitch?

ADP and phosphate are released, and the power stroke of the contraction occurs.

The neurotransmitter is diffusing across the synaptic cleft, causing an electrical signal in the muscle cell.

The myosin-actin cross-bridges are broken and the sarcomere shortens.

The muscle relaxes and returns to its former length.

Fresh ATP binds to myosin, causing it to return its resting position.

A

The neurotransmitter is diffusing across the synaptic cleft, causing an electrical signal in the muscle.

*The latent period is the time between stimulation and initiation of contraction. During this time, the events that begin muscle contraction are occuring; acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, causing an electrical signal to spread across the sarcolemma and down the T tubules.

42
Q

Which of the following occurs when a muscle fatigues?

The muscle contracts.

Stimulation discontinues.

Acetylcholine bypasses the synaptic cleft.

Tetanus is achieved.

Its energy reserves are depleted.

A

Its energy reserves are depleted.

*Energy reserves are depleted during muscle fatigue.

43
Q

In good muscle tone, how many motor units are contracted?

Some

5-10% of the motor units

10-15% of the motor units

None

All

A

Some.

*In good muscle tone, some motor units are always contracted, but not enough to cause movement.

44
Q

Of the three pathways for obtaining ATP for muscle contraction, which one requires oxygen?

Fermentation and respiration.

Only respiration.

Only fermentation.

The creatine phosphate pathway and fermentation.

Only the creatine phosphate pathway.

A

Only respiration.

*Aerobic respiraton require a supply of oxygen. The creatine phosphate pathway and fermentation pathway do not require oxygen.

45
Q

Of the three pathways for supplying ATP to the muscle, which pathway(s) do slow-twitch fibers prefer?

The creatine phosphate pathway.

The creatine phosphate pathway or fementation.

Aerobic respiration.

The creatine phosphate pathway or aerobic respiration.

Fermentation.

A

Aerobic respiration.

*Slow-twitch fibers prefer to use aerobic respiration for their ATP source since it produces a large supply of ATP.

46
Q

Jillian is a top-level cross-country runner due to her having predominantly slow-twitch muscle fibers.

True

False

A

True.

*Slow-twitch muscle fibers are aerobic, have steady power, and have endurance - all required for cross-country running.

47
Q

Why are slow-twitch muscles darkly colored?

They have fewer mitochondria.

They are designed for strength and explosions of energy.

They contain myoglobin.

They need less blood than fast-twitch fibers.

They have many more myofibrils per motor unit than fast-twitch fibers.

A

They contain myoglobin.

*Slow-twitch fibers are dark because they contain myoglobin, the respiratory pigment found in muscle cells.

48
Q

Which of the following injuries is most likely to happen to the ankle?

Bursitis

Strain

Muscular dystrophy

Convultion

Sprain

A

Sprain

*A sprain is a twisting of the joint. A strain is the tearing of the muscle. A convultion is a seizure of the muscles. Bursitis is the inflammation of the bursa. Muscular dystrophy is a progressive degeneration of muscles.

49
Q

Fibromyalgia is a temporary condition of achy muscles, usually due to overuse.

True

False

A

False.

*Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition with symptoms including widespread pain, tenderness and stiffness of muscles.

50
Q

Leiomyomas are a type of smooth muscle cancer that occur in the uterine wall.

True

False

A

True.

*Leiomyomas are a type of smooth muscle cancer that occur in the uterine wall.

51
Q

What is the reservoir for Ca2+ in the body?

Blood

Muscles

Liver

Brain

Bones

A

Bones.

*The skeleton acts as a reservoir for calcium.

52
Q

What happens when the arrector pili muscles contract?

Your leg kicks out.

The blood from your skin is rerouted to your core.

The hairs on your skin stand on end.

Your head nods “yes”.

You tap your finger.

A

The hairs on your skin stand on end.

*The arrector pili muscles are tiny bundles of smooth muscle attached to the hair follicles that cause the hairs to stand up.

53
Q

Contraction of a muscle requires all the motor units to be undergoing tetanic contraction.

True

False

A

False

*Some motor units are contracting maximally while others are resting, allowing sustained contractions to occur.

54
Q

Which disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by weakness that expecially affects the muscles of the eyelids, face neck and extremities?

A

Myasthenia gravis

*These symptoms describe the disease myasthenia gravis.

55
Q

What is the name of the muscle that is responsible for blinking and winking?

Orbicularis oculi

Pectoralis major

Trapezius

Litissimus dorsi

Extensor digitorum

A

Ocularis oculi

*The orbicularis oculi is around the eye and is responsible for winking and blinking.

56
Q

What does the word brevis mean when referring to a muscle?

Short

Huge

Long

Large

Small

A

Short

*Brevis means short and is used to indicate the size of a muscle.

57
Q

What is the difference between a tic and a spasm?

A tic refers to achy muscles, usually due to overexercise, while a spasm is just an involuntary contraction.

A tic is a spasm that can be controlled voluntarily.

A tic is a strong and very painful spasm, especially of the leg and foot.

A tic is caused by the inflammation of a tendon, while a spasm is just an involuntary contraction.

A tic is caused by stretching or tearing of a muscle, while a spasm is just an involuntary contraction.

A

A tic is a spasm that can be controlled voluntarily.

*A tic is a spasm that can be controlled voluntarily, but only with great effort.

Biology 100 Intro/Human Biology (23 decks)

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