Skeletal System - Chapter 12 Flashcards
Which function of the skeleton do the rib cage, vertebral column, and skull represent?
Support the body
Protect soft body parts
Produce blood cells
Store minerals and fat
Permit flexible body movement
Protect soft body parts
*The rib cage protects internal organs. The skull protects the brain, and the vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
Which function of the skeletal system requires the leg bones to be extremely strong?
They support the entire body
They protect soft body parts
They produce blood cells
They store minerals and fat
They permit flexible body movement.
They support the entire body.
*The skeletal system supports the entire body. This requires the leg bones to be very strong in order to provide support.
Where, besides adipose tissue, is fat stored?
Matrix of bone
Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Periosteum
Articular cartilage
Yellow bone marrow
*Fat is stored in the yellow bone marrow.
Only certain bones in the fetus produce blood cells, but all the bones in the adult produce blood cells.
True
False
False
*Only certain bones in the adult produce blood cells, but all the bones in the fetus produce blood cells.
From the outside to the inside of a long bone, what is the first tissue encountered?
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Bone marrow
Periosteum
*The periosteum is a layer of fibrous connective tissue that completely covers a long bone except for the articular cartilage at the bone’s end.
What term is associated with spongy bone but not with compact bone?
Canaliculi
Osteocytes
Trabeculae
Bone marrow
Blood vessels
Trabeculae
*Both spongy and compact bones have osteocytes, canaliculi, bone marrow, and blood vessels but only spongy bone has trabeculae.
What is a canaliculus?
The large cavity inside a long bone
A stress plate in spongy bone
A fibrous connective covering of bone
A small channel in the matrix of bone
A type of bone-forming cell
A small channel in the matrix of bone.
*The tiny canals called canaliculi (sing., canaliculus) run through the matrix of bone.
The medullary cavity is within the diaphysis of a long bone.
True
False
True
*The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone, and the medullary cavity is within it.
Bone cells are called _____________ while cartilage cells are called ______________.
Osteocytes, osteoblasts
Lacunae, osteocytes
Chondrocytes, lacunae
Osteoblasts, chondrocytes
Osteocytes, chondrocytes
Osteocytes, chondrocytes
*Cells in bone are called osteocytes while cells in cartilage are called chondrocytes.
What type of cartilage is found at the ends of the long bones?
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Spongy
Compact
Hyaline cartilage
*Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of long bones, the nose, at the ends of the ribs, and in the larynx and trachea. Elastic cartilage is found in the ear flaps and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs. Spongy and compact are bone types.
Jason broke his finger playing football, while Sean tore the cartilage in his knee playing basketball. Which one will heal faster and why?
Jason, bones have a blood supply and heal faster
Jason, fingers bear less weight than knees do
Sean, cartilage has a blood supply and can heal faster
Sean, knees can be immobilized easier than fingers
Jason, fingers require fewer nutrients to repair because they are small
Jason, bones have a blood supply and heal faster
*Cartilage is lacking a blood supply and that makes it slow to heal.
The epiglottis is a structure that needs to be strong but extremely flexible. What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Bone
Muscle
Elastic cartilage
*The epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage.
Bones continue to grow throughout a lifetime.
True
False
True
*Bones are able to respond to stress by changing size, shape, and strength throughout our lifetime.
Bone recycling allows the body to regulate what?
The amount of sodium in the blood
The amount of calcium in the blood
the amount of sodium in the bone
The amount of vitamin C in the blood
The amount of calcium in the blood.
*Bone serves as a storage reservoir for calcium, and recycling allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.
Exercise stimulates the activity of osteoclasts instead of osteoblasts.
True
False
False
*Exercise stimulates the activity of osteoblasts (bone forming) instead of osteoclasts (bone absorbing).
What two hormones are involved in regulating the blood calcium level?
Calcitonin and renin
Renin and aldosterone
Renin and PTH
Aldosterone and PTH
PTH and calcitonin
PTH and calcitonin
*PTH stimulates the osteoclasts while calcitonin has the opposite effect.
How are osteocytes and osteoblasts related?
Osteocytes become osteoblasts as the bone matures.
Osteoblasts become osteocytes as the bone matures.
Osteocytes and osteoblasts have the same function, but osteocytes work in the adult and osteoblasts work in the fetus.
Osteocytes and osteoblasts work opposite each other.
One builds up bone while the other absorbs it.
Osteocytes are mature bone cells while osteoblasts are a form of bone cancer.
Osteoblasts become osteocytes as the bone matures.
*When an osteoblast is surrounded by a calcified matrix, it becomes an osteocyte.
Which of the following statements is not true regarding the region of primary ossification of a bone?
Osteoblasts are derived from the newly formed periosteum.
Bone formation spreads from the center to the ends of the bone.
As the cartilage models calcify, the chondrocytes die off.
The region of primary ossification is where osteoclasts are laid down on the outside of the bone.
A band of cartilage remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center.
The region of primary ossification is where osteoclasts are laid down on the outside of the bone.
*The region of primary ossification is where osteoblasts lay down spongy bone in the interior of the bone.
As long as the growth plate remains, the limbs will keep increasing in length.
True
False
True
*The limbs keep increasing in length as long as growth plates, bands of cartilage, are still present.
Which bones develop by intramembranous ossification?
The long bones of the leg
The long bones of the arms
The ribs
The fingers
The skull
Skull
*Flat bones, such as the bones of the skull, develop by intramembranous ossification.
Arrange the steps of bone repair in order. 1. Remodeling; 2. Bony callus; 3. Hematoma; 4. Fibrocartilaginous callus
1, 2, 3, 4
4, 3, 2, 1
1, 2, 4, 3
3, 4, 2, 1
2, 1, 4, 3
3, 4, 2, 1
*The order of bone repair is hematoma, fibrocartilagenous callus, followed by a bony callus, and remodeling.
How long does the bony callus in a bone repair last?
1-2 days
3-4 weeks
3-4 months
1-2 years
More than 10 years
3-4 months
*The bony callus lasts about three to four months.
How is bone repair different from bone development?
A hematoma indicates an injury has occurred.
Osteoblasts are not involved in bone repair but are in bone development.
Osteoclasts are involved in bone development but not in bone repair.
Only spongy bone is built in bone repair while both spongy and compact bone are built in bone development.
There is no cartilage involved in bone repair but there is in bone development.
A hematoma indicates an injury has occurred.
*In some ways, bone repair parallels the development of bone except that the first step, hematoma, indicates that an injury has occurred.
A simple break of the tibia is when the bone is broken clear through.
True
False
False
*A simple break means that the bone does not pierce the skin. A complete fracture occurs when the bone is broken clear through.
What criterion is used to categorize the skeleton into axial and appendicular?
Whether the bones are weight-bearing or not
Whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle
Whether the bones are flat or long
Whether the bones contain red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow
Whether the bones articulate with the pelvis or not
Whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle
*If the bones lie on the midline of the body, they are part of the axial skeleton. If they are part of the girdles or hang from them, they are appendicular.
Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?
Clavicle
Hyoid
Temporal
Rib
Vertebrae
Clavicle
*The clavicle is part of the appendicular skeleton.
Which bone in the body does not articulate with any other bone?
Scapula
Maxilla
Hyoid
Coccyx
Temporal
Hyoid
*The hyoid bone is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone.
Jill broke her cheekbone in an ice-skating accident. Which bone did she break?
Temporal
Mandible
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
*The zygomatic bone forms the cheekbone.
How are the bones of the cranium named?
For their articulation with the vertebral column
For whether they are formed from cartilage or not
For their shape
For their size
For the lobes of the brain they protect
For the lobes of the brain they protect.
*The bones of the cranium (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) have the same names as the lobes of the brain.
How many vertebrae are there?
5
15
18
24
33
33
*There are 33 vertebrae.
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra? Why?
Atlas; Greek mythology
Atlas; it allows the “yes” motion of the head
Axis; Roman mythology
Axis; it allows the “no” motion of the head
Sphenoid; Egyptian sphinx mythology
Atlas; Greek mythology
*The first cervical vertebra, called the atlas, holds up the head. Atlas, of Greek mythology, held up the world.
