Nervous System - Chapter 14 Flashcards
The spinal cord belongs to the
Axial nervous system.
Central nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system.
Appendicular nervous system.
None of the answer choices is correct.
Central nervous system.
*The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system, along with the brain.
The three principal functions of the nervous system are sensory input, ________________, and motor output.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Integration.
The Central Nervous System includes the brain and _____________ cord.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Spinal
Another name for the sensory division of the nervous system is the ____________ division.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Afferent
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic (fight or flight) and the ______________ (rest and digest) systems.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Parasympathetic.
About 25 percent of the ____________ that you take in every day are used by your brain.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Calories.
99 percent of your neurons are ____________ neurons, which three or more processes sticking out to the cell body.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneruons
Multipolar.
_____________ neurons have two processes – an axon and a single dendrite – extending from the cell body. They’re rare, found only in a few special sensory places (nose, eyes).
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Bipolar.
______________ neurons have just one process, and are found mostly in sensory receptors.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Unipolar.
______________ or afferent neurons transmit impulses from sensory receptors and send them toward the central nervous system.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Sensory.
______________ or efferent neurons are mostly multipolar and transmit impulses away from the central nervous system out to muscles and glands.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Motor.
______________ live in the central nervous system and transmit impulses between sensory and motor neurons.
Integration
Spinal
Afferent
Parasympathetic
Calories
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Motor
Iterneurons
Interneurons.
The division between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system is based on the anatomical differences between cells in the two locations.
True
False
False
*The division between the CNS and the PNS is arbitrary.
One function of the nervous system is to cushion and protect soft tissue.
True
False
False
*Cushioning and protecting soft tissue is not a function of the nervous system.
The cells of the nervous tissue are all neurons, or cells that transmit nerve impulses.
True
False
False.
*Neuroglia, which support and nourish neurons, are also part of nervous tissue.
Which one of the following is entirely located within the central nervous system?
Motor neuron
Effector
Sensory receptor
Interneuron
Sensory neuron
Interneuron.
*An interneuron lies entirely within the CNS.
Which of the following parts of a neuron is correctly matched?
Dendrite - contains the nucleus and other organelles.
Axon - conducts nerve impulses.
Axon - contains the nucleus and other organelles.
Dendrite - conducts nerve impulses.
Cell body - short extensions that receive impulses.
Axon - conducts nerve impulses.
*The axon conducts nerve impulses, while the cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles, and the dendrites are short extensions that receive impulses.
Which of the following is associated with the PNS but not the CNS?
Schwann cells
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Myelin sheath
Dendrite
Schwann cells.
*Schwann cells are a type of neuroglia found only in PNS.
In a nerve impulse, we use the word ___________ to describe the movement of ions across the cell membrane.
Potential
Resting
Depolarization
Repolarization
Refractory
Action
Potential
___________________ potential is when a neuron is at rest and not firing. During this time there is a charge of negative 70 millivolts inside the cell.
Potential
Resting
Depolarization
Repolarization
Refractory
Action
Resting
Sodium rushes into the cell causing _____________ to occur. Now the outside of the cell is more positive than inside.
Potential
Resting
Depolarization
Repolarization
Refractory
Action
Depolarization
During _______________ potassium (K+) ions flow outside the cell and returns the negative charge inside the cell.
Potential
Resting
Depolarization
Repolarization
Refractory
Action
Repolarization
The time right after repolarization when a cell cannot receive another signal is called the __________ period.
Potential
Resting
Depolarization
Repolarization
Refractory
Action
Refractory
The action potential in a neuron is an all-or-nothing event.
True
False
True
*Once the threshold is reached, the action potential happens automatically and completely. If the threshold voltage is never reached, the action potential does not occur.
Why is the outside of a neuron positively charged?
Because chloride ions gather around the outside of the cell membrane.
Because sodium ions gather around the outside of the cell membrane.
Because potassium ions gather around the inside of the cell membrane.
Because sodium ions gather around the inside of the cell membrane.
Because calcium ions gather around the outside of the cell membrane.
Because sodium ions gather around the outside of the cell membrane.
*Positively charged sodium ions gather around the outside of the cell membrane, resulting in a positive charge on the outside of the cell.
Depolarization of the neurons occurs when
The sodium-potassium pump moves potassium inside a cell.
Sodium gates open and sodium moves inside the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium inside the cell.
Water moves to the outside of the cell and chlorine ions follow.
The potassium gates open and potassium moves outside the cell.
Sodium gates open and sodium moves inside the cell.
*Depolarization occurs when the sodium gates open and sodium flows inside the axon.
The entire action potential (depolarization and repolarization) occurs in a matter of
Hours.
Days.
Milliseconds.
Seconds.
Minutes.
Milliseconds.
*An action potential takes 3-4 milliseconds to complete.
Which conducts an action potential faster and why?
Unmyelinated fibers; the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to another.
Myelinated fibers; the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to another.
Myelinated fibers; the action potential moves through the myelin, which allows it to travel faster.
Unmyelinated fibers; the ions can move in and out of the cell faster without the myelin coating.
Unmyelinated fibers; the absence of myelin allows the action potential to travel faster.
Myelinated fibers; the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to another.
*Saltatory conduction, where the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next, is much faster that in unmyelinated fibers.
What ensures the one-way direction of an action potential?
As soon as the action potential has passed by, that portion of the axon undergoes a short refractory period.
An axon can conduct a volley of action potentials very quickly.
An action potential at one node causes an action potential at the next node.
Conduction of an action potential is an all-or-none event.
Action potentials are self-propagating.
As soon as the action potential has passed by, that portion of the axon undergoes a short refractory period.
*Due to the short refractory period during which the axon is unable to conduct, the action potential propagates in just one direction.
Place the events in the transmission of an action potential in the correct order:
- An action potential begins in the receiving neuron.
- Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
- An action potential arrives at an axon terminal.
- Calcium ions enter the axon terminal.
- Sodium ions diffuse into the receiving neuron.
- Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.
- Neurotransmitter molecules bind to the membrane of the receiving neuron.
3,4,6,2,7,5,1
*The action potential arrives at an axon terminal. Calcium enters and the synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the membrane of the receiving neuron. Sodium ions diffuse into the receiving neuron, and an action potential begins.
Which of the following could happen to the neurotransmitter once it bonds to the receiving membrane receptors?
Absorbed by the receiving membrane in order to start the action potential.
Stays bound to the receiving membrane.
Degrades due to lack of Ca+.
Released back into the synaptic cleft where it builds up.
Reabsorbed by the sending membrane.
Reabsorbed by the sending membrane.
*The neurotransmitter can be reabsorbed by the sending membrane or it can be broken down.
There are only two types of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine for excitation and norepinephrine for inhibition.
True
False
False.
*There are more than 100 substances known or suspected to be neurotransmitters.
What is the summing up of the excitatory and inhibitory signal by a neuron called?
Depolarization
Integration
Addition
Polarization
Firing
Integration.
*Integration is the summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals.
The central nervous system is protected by
Elastic cartilage.
Bone.
Muscle.
Hyaline cartilage.
Fibrous cartilage.
Bone.
*The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
The cerebrum is associated with the
Third ventricle.
Fourth ventricle.
Anterior ventricle.
Posterior ventricle.
Two lateral ventricles.
Two lateral ventricles.
*The cerebrum is associated with the two lateral ventricles.
The white matter of the spinal cord surrounds the gray matter.
True
False
True
*The gray matter is centrally located and shaped like the letter H. The white matter surrounds the gray matter.
The spinal cord extends from the base of the brain through a large opening in the skull called the inferior ventricle.
True
False
False
*The spinal cord extends through a large opening in the skull called the foramen magnum.
Which of the following is a lobe of the cerebral hemisphere?
Temporal
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
All of the answer choices are lobes of the cerebral hemisphere.
All of the answer choices are lobes of the cerebral hemisphere.
*All of the answer choices are lobes of the cerebral hemisphere.
Which of the following statements concerning the primary motor area is true?
The area that controls the thumb, fingers, and hand is larger than the area controlling the leg.
The primary motor area is located anterior to the central sulcus.
Voluntary commands to skeletal muscles begin in the primary motor area.
Control of muscles responsible for facial movements takes up a large portion of the primary motor area.
All of the answer choices are true.
All of the answer choices are true.
*All of the answer choices are true.
The primary somatosensory area receives sensory input from the sense of
Touch.
Smell.
Taste.
Hearing.
Vision.
Touch.
*Sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles arrive at the primary somatosensory area. The other primary sensations (taste, vision, hearing, and smell) are located in other areas of the cerebral cortex.
Wernicke’s area is associated with
Reflex centers for controlling the heartbeat.
The sense of smell.
The ability to ride a bike.
The ability to speak.
The ability to speak.
*Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas are involved in the ability to speak.
The thalamus is on the receiving end for all sensory input except for
Sense of hearing.
Sense of smell.
Somatosensory information.
Memory and emotions.
Visual sense.
Sense of smell.
*The thalamus receives all sensory input except for the sense of smell.
The brain stem contains the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.
True
False
True
*These three sections make up the brain stem.
Which brain structure is associated with the limbic system?
Frontal lobes.
Medulla oblongata.
Brain stem.
Pons.
Hippocampus.
Hippocampus
*The hippocampus is a significant structure within the limbic system.
What type of memory is involved in learning to ride a bike?
Semantic memory.
Skill memory.
Episodic memory.
Short-term memory.
Long-term memory.
Skill memory.
*Riding a bike is a type of skill memory.
The left hemisphere of the brain is more involved in verbal functions than the right hemisphere.
True
False
True
*The left hemisphere is verbal, logical, analytical, and rational.
Which of the following statements about cranial nerves is true?
All of the answer choices are true regarding cranial nerves.
Cranial nerves are largely associated with the head, neck, and face.
The cranial nerves are referred to by roman numerals.
The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve.
Some cranial nerves are only sensory nerves, while some are only motor fibers. Others are mixed.
All of the answer choices are true regarding cranial nerves.
*Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Which brain system receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons?
Autonomic system of the CNS
Somatic system of the CNS
Autonomic system of the PNS
Somatic system of the PNS
All of the answer choices are correct.
Somatic system of the PNS
*The somatic system of the PNS receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscle, and tendons. The somatic and autonomic systems are not in the CNS.
Place the following steps in the correct order for a reflex arc:
- Sensory neurons pass signals to interneurons.
- Nerve signals travel along motor fibers to an effector.
- Sensory receptors generate nerve signals.
- Interneurons synapse with motor neurons.
- There is a response to the stimulus.
3,1,4,2,5
*Sensory receptors in the skin generate nerve signals that move along sensory fibers toward the spinal cord. Sensory neurons pass signals on to many interneurons. Some of the interneurons synapse with motor neurons. Nerve signals travel along these motor fibers to an effector, which brings about a response to the stimulus.
Where do most of the nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor pathways arise from?
Cervical nerves.
Thoracolumbar spinal nerves.
Medulla oblongata.
Cranial nerves.
Brain stem.
Thoracolumbar spinal nerves.
*The nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor pathways arise from the thoracolumbar spinal nerves. The cranial nerves give rise to the parasympathetic autonomic motor pathways.
In which way are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system similar?
Both are associated with the relaxed state (rest and digest).
Both utilize two neurons per message.
Both arise from the sacral spinal nerves.
In both, the preganglionic neuron is shorter than the postganglionic neuron.
Both use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.
Both utilize two neurons per message.
*Both utilize two neurons per message.
Which of the following is a neuromodulator?
GABA
Dopamine
Substance P
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Substance P.
*Substance P is a neuromodulator. The rest are neurotransmitters.
How does caffeine work?
Replaces or mimics a neurotransmitter.
Replaces or mimics a neuromodulator.
Interferes with or decreases the action of a neurotransmitter.
Increases the amount of neurotransmitter at a synapse.
Promotes the action of a neurotransmitter.
Interferes with or decreases the action of a neurotransmitter.
*Caffeine interferes with the effects of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain.
Dopamine plays a central role in the working of the brain’s built-in reward circuit.
True
False
True
*The neurotransmitter dopamine is essential for mood regulation and plays a central role in the reward circuit.
How is alcohol classified?
Depressant
Inhibitor
Psychoactive
Stimulate
None of the answer choices is correct.
Depressant
*In the central nervous system, alcohol acts as a depressant.
Which two drugs are in the same category?
Nicotine and alcohol
Alcohol and heroin
Nicotine and heroin
Marijuana and heroin
Cocaine and marijuana
Alcohol and heroin
*Both alcohol and heroin are depressants.
The repeated use of which drug leads to the body decreasing the natural production of endorphins?
Heroin
Methamphetamine
K2
Ecstasy
Marijuana
Heroin
*The repeated use of heroin leads to the body decreasing the natural production of endorphins.
The entire action potential (depolarization and repolarization) occurs in a matter of
Seconds.
Hours.
Days.
Milliseconds.
Minutes.
Milliseconds.
*An action potential takes 3-4 milliseconds to complete.
A tumor located in the primary somatosensory area would impact which of the following functions?
The ability to determine images.
The ability to swallow.
The ability to smell.
All of the answer choices are correct.
The ability to feel a rough object.
The ability to feel a rough object.
*The motor control for swallowing is located in the primary motor cortex. The ability to smell is found in the olfactory area of the frontal lobe. The ability to determine images is located in the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
Which of the following are mismatched concerning memory and learning?
Long-term potential and memory storage
Episodic memory and persons
Semantic memory and numbers
Hippocampus and emotionally charged fearful memories
Prefrontal area and where memories are used
Hippocampus and emotionally charged fearful memories
*The amygdala seems to be responsible for fear conditioning and associating danger with sensory stimuli received from various parts of the brain.
Long-term use of heroin is associated with which set of consequences?
Cardiac and/or respiratory arrest, sudden death
Addiction, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, various bacterial infections
Apathy, euphoria, hallucinations
Anxiety, jitters, insomnia, headaches
Weight gain, poor cognitive performance, irritability
Addiction, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, various bacterial infections
*Long-term effects of heroin use are addiction and increased risk of various infections because of shared needles.
Which part of the brain is not functioning correctly if an individual cannot learn new facts and retain them?
Hippocampus
Amygdala
None of the answer choices is correct.
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular formation
Hippocampus
*The hippocampus is responsible for learning and memory. The amygdala causes experiences to have emotional overtones and create the sensation of fear. The reticular formation receives sensory information and sends it to the higher centers. The medulla oblongata contains various reflex centers.
Depolarization of the neuron occurs when
Water moves to the outside of the cell and chloride ions follow.
The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium inside the cell.
The potassium gates open and potassium moves outside the cell.
Sodium gates open and sodium moves inside the cell.
Sodium gates open and sodium moves inside the cell.
*Depolarization occurs when the sodium gates open and sodium flows inside the axon
Which of the following is a part of the brain?
Corpus callosum
Cerebrum
Pons
Cerebellum
All of the answer choices are parts of the brain.
All of the answer choices are parts of the brain.
*The corpus callosum, pons, cerebrum, and cerebellum are all parts of the brain.
The structures of the limbic system are linked together because of their position within the cerebrum, even though they have a variety of functions.
True
False
False
*The limbic system is a functional grouping rather than an anatomical one.
What ensures the one-way direction of an action potential?
An action potential at one node causes an action potential at the next node.
Action potentials are self-propagating
An axon can conduct a volley of action potentials very quickly.
As soon as the action potential has passed by, that portion of the axon undergoes a short refractory period.
As soon as the action potential has passed by, that portion of the axon undergoes a short refractory period.
*Due to the short refractory period during which the axon is unable to conduct, the action potential propagates in just one direction.
