Endocrine System - Chapter 16 Flashcards
Which of the following statements about hormones are true?
Hormones are targeted to specific organs within the body.
The effects of hormones are long-lasting.
It takes time to deliver hormones to the cell.
Hormones are carried by the bloodstream.
All of the answer choices are true of hormones.
All of the answer choices are true of hormones.
*All of the answer choices are true of hormones.
The three major structures of the endocrine system are glands, [_______________], and trillions of cell receptors
Hormones
Thyroxine
Testerone
Estrogen
Diabetes
Hormones
The two hormones produced by the thyroid are triiodothyronine and [____________]
Hormones
Thyroxine
Testosterone
Estrogen
Diabetes
Thyroxine
In men, puberty begins when the testes start secreting [_____________].
Hormones
Thyroxine
Testosterone
Estrogen
Diabetes
Testosterone
In women, [_____________] secreted from the ovaries signals the start of adulthood.
Hormones
Thyroxine
Testosterone
Estrogen
Diabetes
Estrogen
[________________] is one of the most common hormonal disorders, occurring when pancreatic insulin does not function properly in maintaining blood sugar levels.
Hormones
Thyroxine
Testosterone
Estrogen
Diabetes
Diabetes
The effects initiated by the endocrine system are longer lasting than those of the nervous system.
True
False
True
*The endocrine system produces hormones that have a slower, more prolonged response than the nervous system.
How are the nervous system and the endocrine system alike?
They both utilize axons and synapses.
They both have a very prolonged response to stimuli.
They both are largely composed of glands.
They both regulate the activities of other systems.
They both respond very rapidly to stimuli.
They both regulate the activities of other systems.
*Both the nervous and endocrine systems regulate the activities of other systems.
Although other animals produce pheromones, humans have not been shown to make them.
True
False
False
*Humans make pheromones, too.
Steroid hormones are derived from what molecule?
Peptides
Modified amino acids
Protein
Cholesterol
Glycoproteins
Cholesterol
*Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
Peptide hormones
Are able to pass through the membrane and bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm.
Act much more slowly than steroid hormones.
Initiate gene expression.
Bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane to exert their effect.
Are composed of a complex of four carbon rings.
Bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane to exert their effect.
*Peptide hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane to exert their effect.
The endocrine system works closely with the [_____________] system
Nervous
Hormones
Longer
Gland
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Glucagon
Flight
Nervous
The endocrine system secretes [_____________] that travel through the blood
Nervous
Hormones
Longer
Gland
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Glucagon
Flight
Hormones
Hormones travel slower than neuron action potentials, but they last [_____________]
Nervous
Hormones
Longer
Gland
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Glucagon
Flight
Longer
A [_____________] is any structure that makes and secretes a hormone
Nervous
Hormones
Longer
Gland
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Glucagon
Flight
Gland
The master gland in your body is the [____________] gland, which produces hormones that signal other glands
Nervous
Hormones
Longer
Gland
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Glucagon
Flight
Pituitary
The [______________] in your brain is in the endocrine system, because it produces and releases hormones.
Nervous
Hormones
Longer
Gland
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Glucagon
Flight
Hypothalamus
The pancreas regulates blood sugar by releasing two different hormones – insulin and [_____________]
Nervous
Hormones
Longer
Gland
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Glucagon
Flight
Glucagon
Under major stress – like waking up in a burning building stress – hormones like cortisol cause the classic fight-or-[___________] response
Nervous
Hormones
Longer
Gland
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Glucagon
Flight
Flight
Damage to or a tumor on which organ would lead to a disruption of the nervous and endocrine system?
Frontal lobe of the brain
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal gland
Lymph nodes
Hypothalamus
*The hypothalamus is the connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system. If this organ is damaged or has a tumor, it would disrupt its function.
The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary communicate via a portal system.
True
False
True
*A portal system, consisting of two capillary systems connected by a vein, lies between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.
Which of the following hormones is controlled by positive feedback?
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone
Gonadotropic hormone
Oxytocin
*Oxytocin is controlled by positive feedback, which brings about an effect of ever-increasing intensity.
How are the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary similar?
Both are connected to the hypothalamus via a portal system.
Both produce hormones that control other glands.
Both produce releasing and inhibiting hormones.
Both produce three or more hormones.
Both are controlled by the hypothalamus.
Both are controlled by the hypothalamus.
*Both the interior and posterior pituitary are controlled by the hypothalamus
Which of the following hormones is mispaired with its target organ?
ACTH - adrenal cortex
LH - kidney
Gonadotropic hormones - testes and ovaries
FSH - gonads
TSH - thyroid
LH - Kidney
*LH - or luteinizing hormone, stimulates the gonads.
Which of the following statements is true about growth hormone?
Too much growth hormone results in gigantism.
Too little growth hormone results in dwarfism.
Growth hormones can be administered as a medical treatment for stature problems.
The quantity of growth hormone is greatest during childhood and adolescence.
All of the answer choices are true about growth hormones.
All of the answer choices are true about growth hormones.
*All of the answer choices are true about growth hormones.
Which disorder is characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone in an adult?
Diabetes mellitus
Pituitary dwarfism
Simple goiter
Acromegaly
None of the answer choices is correct.
Acromegaly
*Acromegaly is the disorder characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone in an adult. Diabetes mellitus is caused by the inability to produce ADH. Pituitary dwarfism is caused by the underproduction of growth hormones. A simple goiter is due to the overproduction of thyroid hormone.
The thyroid gland is located
In the neck.
In the brain
Near the ovaries or testes.
On top of the kidneys.
Near the small intestine.
In the neck.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck, attached to the trachea.
What are the symptoms of myxedema?
Lethargy, weight gain, puffiness
A mass in the throat
Difficulty with speech, blurred vision
Tremors in the hands, shaking, balance difficulties
An eye that protrudes from the eye socket
Myxedema
*Lethargy, weight gain, puffiness.
The hormone produced by the parathyroid gland produces a rise in the blood level of what product?
Phosphate
Cholesterol
Sodium
Glucose
Calcium
Calcium
*Parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands, causes the blood calcium level to rise.
Which disorder is associated with a low level of parathyroid hormone?
Osteoporosis
Myxedema
Simple goiter
Tetany
Exophthalmic goiter
Tetany
*Tetany is due to hypoparathyroidism, resulting in a dramatic drop in blood calcium. Osteoporosis can result from the overproduction of calcium known as hyperparathyroidism. Myxedema is a result of hypothyroidism. An exophthalmic goiter is due to an overactive thyroid gland. A simple goiter is due to the increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Parathyroid hormone also activates ___________ in the kidneys.
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Calcium
Vitamin D
Cholesterol
Vitamin D
*PTH also activates vitamin D in the kidneys, which then promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.
The [______________] gland secretes hormones that regulate many aspects of homeostasis, like body temperature
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Pituitary
Blood
Tissues
Digestive
Disease
Thyroid
The overproduction of thyroid hormones is called [______________]
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Pituitary
Blood
Tissues
Digestive
Disease
Hyperthyroidism
The HPT Axis is the hypothalamus- [_____________] - thyroid axis what sets they thyroid gland in motion for regulating homeostasis
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Pituitary
Blood
Tissues
Digestive
Disease
Pituitary
Your thyroid hormone helps regulate body temperature, but also maintains [____________]
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Pituitary
Blood
Tissues
Digestive
Disease
Blood
Your thyroid hormone also promotes the growth of [__________]
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Pituitary
Blood
Tissues
Digestive
Disease
Tissues
Your thyroid hormone also triggers the secretion of [_____________] juices
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Pituitary
Blood
Tissues
Digestive
Disease
Digestive
Both the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex are under the control of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.
True
False
False
*The adrenal medulla is under nervous system control.
Adrenal glands slide (Question doesn’t appear)
So I answered True.
The adrenal cortex provides a slower but long-term stress response in comparison to the adrenal medulla.
True
False
True
*Nervous stimulation causes the adrenal medulla to provide a rapid but short-term stress response. The adrenal medulla is associated with fight-or-flight situations. The adrenal cortex provides a long-term response to stress.
Which of the following is a glucocorticoid?
Norepinephrine
Renin
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Aldosterone
Cortisol
*Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is active in the stress response.
Which of the following is a result of mineralocorticoid release?
The immune cells are suppressed.
Glucose is not broken down.
Inflammation is reduced.
Blood volume and pressure increase.
Proteins and fat are broken down.
Blood volume and pressure increase.
*Mineralocorticoids cause a blood volume and pressure increase due to their role in sodium homeostasis
Which pancreatic hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells?
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Estradiol
Glucagon
Insulin
Insulin
*Insulin is secreted by the pancreas when the blood glucose levels are high, causing cells to increase their uptake of glucose. Glucagon is produced by the pancreas and it stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose. Estradiol is produced by the adrenal cortex. Epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Glycogen can be broken down to increase blood glucose levels, but fat cannot be.
True
False
False
*Both fat and glycogen can be broken down to raise blood glucose levels.
How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus similar?
The blood glucose levels are very high in both.
The body does not produce insulin in both.
The body does not produce glucagon in both.
Both are a result of obesity.
The number of glucose carriers is too low in both.
The blood glucose levels are very high in both.
*In all types of diabetes, the body’s cells are unable to take up glucose, and so blood glucose levels are high in both.
Is it possible that a type 1 diabetic could be hypoglycemic?
True
False
False
*These individuals take daily insulin injections. If the amount of insulin is too great, the blood sugar level may drop (hypoglycemia).
Most of the diabetics in the United States have type 1 diabetes.
True
False
False
*Most have type 2 diabetes.
When insulin is secreted, what happens?
The liver breaks down glycogen.
Tissue stores of glucose are depleted.
Glucose is taken up by the cells.
The blood glucose level rises.
Adipose tissue breaks down fat.
Glucose is taken up by the cells.
*Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by the cells.
Which of the following hormones is mismatched with its producing gland?
Thymus gland - Thymosins
Pineal gland - Melatonin
Testes - androgens
Ovaries - estrogen
Ovaries - follicle-stimulating hormone.
Ovaries - follicle-stimulating hormone
*The pituitary gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is involved in the regulation of both the testes and the ovaries.
True
False
True
*Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH, is produced by the hypothalamus and controls both the testes and ovaries.
What is the function of melatonin?
Control the daily sleep-wake cycle.
Regulate blood glucose levels.
Regulate blood calcium levels.
Aid in the differentiation of T lymphocytes.
Control the color of skin.
Control the daily sleep-wake cycle.
*Melatonin is involved in circadian rhythms, daily rhythms such as the sleep-wake cycle.
Which of the following secretes erythropoietin?
Thalamus
Small intestine
Kidney
Heart
Thymus
Kidney
*The kidneys secrete erythropoietin.
Which hormone triggers satiety?
Prostaglandins
Erythropoietin
Leptin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Epinephrine
Leptin
*Leptin is a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals satiety or fullness.
In comparing the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems in controlling the body, the nervous system is better able to rapidly respond to changes in the external environment.
True
False
True
*The nervous system often has automatic responses to external stimuli and also has sensory receptors that provide us with information about the external environment.
How would the endocrine and nervous systems respond to an individual touching a hot stove?
Sending signals that cause the release of norepinephrine.
Sending signals that cause the individual to move his/her whole body away.
Sending signals that pull the individual’s hand away.
Sending signals that cause the release of epinephrine.
The endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things.
The endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things.
*In concert, the endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things.
If an individual is exposed to external stress, the nervous system is capable of responding faster than the endocrine system.
True
False
True
*The nervous system can respond more rapidly to external stress than the endocrine system.
Treatment for Graves’ [______________] involves either inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones or blocking their effects
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
Pituitary
Blood
Tissues
Digestive
Disease
Disease
Which of the following is involved in blood glucose homeostasis?
Liver
Glucagon
Adipose tissue
Muscle
All of the answer choices are involved glucose homeostasis
All of the answer choices are involved in blood glucose homeostasis
*All of the answer choices are involved in the blood glucose homeostasis
Which organ produces steroid hormones?
Adrenal cortex
Testes
All of the answer choices produce steroid hormones.
Ovaries
All of the answer choices produce steroid hormones.
*The adrena cortex, ovaries, and testes produce steroid hormones.
The secretion of which hormones qualifies the pancreas as an endocrine gland?
Digestive juices and glucagon
Mineralocorticoids and insulin
Estradiol and digestive juices
Insulin and digestive juices
Insulin and glucagon
Insulin and glucagon
*Both insulin and glucagon are secreted by the pancreas directly into the bloodstream. Digestive juices are secreted by the pacreas, but they do not go into the bloodstream. Mineralocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal cortex. Estradiol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
How many iodine atoms are in thyroxine?
Two
One
Four
Five
Three
Four
*Thyroxine contains four iodine atoms.
Usually you are consiously aware of the governance of your interal organs by the nervous and endocrine system.
True
False
False
*The governance of the internal organs usually occurs below the level of consciousness.
Which of the following is an endocrine gland?
Pineal
Pituitary
All of the answer choices are endocrine glands.
Thymus
Adrenal
All of the answer choices are endocrine glands.
*All of the answer choices are endocrine glands.
