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Biology 100 Intro/Human Biology > Endocrine System - Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Endocrine System - Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following statements about hormones are true?

Hormones are targeted to specific organs within the body.

The effects of hormones are long-lasting.

It takes time to deliver hormones to the cell.

Hormones are carried by the bloodstream.

All of the answer choices are true of hormones.

A

All of the answer choices are true of hormones.

*All of the answer choices are true of hormones.

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2
Q

The three major structures of the endocrine system are glands, [_______________], and trillions of cell receptors

Hormones

Thyroxine

Testerone

Estrogen

Diabetes

A

Hormones

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3
Q

The two hormones produced by the thyroid are triiodothyronine and [____________]

Hormones

Thyroxine

Testosterone

Estrogen

Diabetes

A

Thyroxine

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4
Q

In men, puberty begins when the testes start secreting [_____________].

Hormones

Thyroxine

Testosterone

Estrogen

Diabetes

A

Testosterone

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5
Q

In women, [_____________] secreted from the ovaries signals the start of adulthood.

Hormones

Thyroxine

Testosterone

Estrogen

Diabetes

A

Estrogen

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6
Q

[________________] is one of the most common hormonal disorders, occurring when pancreatic insulin does not function properly in maintaining blood sugar levels.

Hormones

Thyroxine

Testosterone

Estrogen

Diabetes

A

Diabetes

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7
Q

The effects initiated by the endocrine system are longer lasting than those of the nervous system.

True

False

A

True

*The endocrine system produces hormones that have a slower, more prolonged response than the nervous system.

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8
Q

How are the nervous system and the endocrine system alike?

They both utilize axons and synapses.

They both have a very prolonged response to stimuli.

They both are largely composed of glands.

They both regulate the activities of other systems.

They both respond very rapidly to stimuli.

A

They both regulate the activities of other systems.

*Both the nervous and endocrine systems regulate the activities of other systems.

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9
Q

Although other animals produce pheromones, humans have not been shown to make them.

True

False

A

False

*Humans make pheromones, too.

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10
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from what molecule?

Peptides

Modified amino acids

Protein

Cholesterol

Glycoproteins

A

Cholesterol

*Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

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11
Q

Peptide hormones

Are able to pass through the membrane and bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm.

Act much more slowly than steroid hormones.

Initiate gene expression.

Bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane to exert their effect.

Are composed of a complex of four carbon rings.

A

Bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane to exert their effect.

*Peptide hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane to exert their effect.

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12
Q

The endocrine system works closely with the [_____________] system

Nervous

Hormones

Longer

Gland

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Glucagon

Flight

A

Nervous

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13
Q

The endocrine system secretes [_____________] that travel through the blood

Nervous

Hormones

Longer

Gland

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Glucagon

Flight

A

Hormones

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14
Q

Hormones travel slower than neuron action potentials, but they last [_____________]

Nervous

Hormones

Longer

Gland

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Glucagon

Flight

A

Longer

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15
Q

A [_____________] is any structure that makes and secretes a hormone

Nervous

Hormones

Longer

Gland

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Glucagon

Flight

A

Gland

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16
Q

The master gland in your body is the [____________] gland, which produces hormones that signal other glands

Nervous

Hormones

Longer

Gland

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Glucagon

Flight

A

Pituitary

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17
Q

The [______________] in your brain is in the endocrine system, because it produces and releases hormones.

Nervous

Hormones

Longer

Gland

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Glucagon

Flight

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

The pancreas regulates blood sugar by releasing two different hormones – insulin and [_____________]

Nervous

Hormones

Longer

Gland

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Glucagon

Flight

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

Under major stress – like waking up in a burning building stress – hormones like cortisol cause the classic fight-or-[___________] response

Nervous

Hormones

Longer

Gland

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Glucagon

Flight

A

Flight

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20
Q

Damage to or a tumor on which organ would lead to a disruption of the nervous and endocrine system?

Frontal lobe of the brain

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Pineal gland

Lymph nodes

A

Hypothalamus

*The hypothalamus is the connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system. If this organ is damaged or has a tumor, it would disrupt its function.

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21
Q

The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary communicate via a portal system.

True

False

A

True

*A portal system, consisting of two capillary systems connected by a vein, lies between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.

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22
Q

Which of the following hormones is controlled by positive feedback?

Prolactin

Growth hormone

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

Gonadotropic hormone

A

Oxytocin

*Oxytocin is controlled by positive feedback, which brings about an effect of ever-increasing intensity.

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23
Q

How are the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary similar?

Both are connected to the hypothalamus via a portal system.

Both produce hormones that control other glands.

Both produce releasing and inhibiting hormones.

Both produce three or more hormones.

Both are controlled by the hypothalamus.

A

Both are controlled by the hypothalamus.

*Both the interior and posterior pituitary are controlled by the hypothalamus

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24
Q

Which of the following hormones is mispaired with its target organ?

ACTH - adrenal cortex

LH - kidney

Gonadotropic hormones - testes and ovaries

FSH - gonads

TSH - thyroid

A

LH - Kidney

*LH - or luteinizing hormone, stimulates the gonads.

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25
Q

Which of the following statements is true about growth hormone?

Too much growth hormone results in gigantism.

Too little growth hormone results in dwarfism.

Growth hormones can be administered as a medical treatment for stature problems.

The quantity of growth hormone is greatest during childhood and adolescence.

All of the answer choices are true about growth hormones.

A

All of the answer choices are true about growth hormones.

*All of the answer choices are true about growth hormones.

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26
Q

Which disorder is characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone in an adult?

Diabetes mellitus

Pituitary dwarfism

Simple goiter

Acromegaly

None of the answer choices is correct.

A

Acromegaly

*Acromegaly is the disorder characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone in an adult. Diabetes mellitus is caused by the inability to produce ADH. Pituitary dwarfism is caused by the underproduction of growth hormones. A simple goiter is due to the overproduction of thyroid hormone.

27
Q

The thyroid gland is located

In the neck.

In the brain

Near the ovaries or testes.

On top of the kidneys.

Near the small intestine.

A

In the neck.

The thyroid gland is located in the neck, attached to the trachea.

28
Q

What are the symptoms of myxedema?

Lethargy, weight gain, puffiness

A mass in the throat

Difficulty with speech, blurred vision

Tremors in the hands, shaking, balance difficulties

An eye that protrudes from the eye socket

A

Myxedema

*Lethargy, weight gain, puffiness.

29
Q

The hormone produced by the parathyroid gland produces a rise in the blood level of what product?

Phosphate

Cholesterol

Sodium

Glucose

Calcium

A

Calcium

*Parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands, causes the blood calcium level to rise.

30
Q

Which disorder is associated with a low level of parathyroid hormone?

Osteoporosis

Myxedema

Simple goiter

Tetany

Exophthalmic goiter

A

Tetany

*Tetany is due to hypoparathyroidism, resulting in a dramatic drop in blood calcium. Osteoporosis can result from the overproduction of calcium known as hyperparathyroidism. Myxedema is a result of hypothyroidism. An exophthalmic goiter is due to an overactive thyroid gland. A simple goiter is due to the increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

31
Q

Parathyroid hormone also activates ___________ in the kidneys.

Vitamin B

Vitamin C

Calcium

Vitamin D

Cholesterol

A

Vitamin D

*PTH also activates vitamin D in the kidneys, which then promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.

32
Q

The [______________] gland secretes hormones that regulate many aspects of homeostasis, like body temperature

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Pituitary

Blood

Tissues

Digestive

Disease

A

Thyroid

33
Q

The overproduction of thyroid hormones is called [______________]

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Pituitary

Blood

Tissues

Digestive

Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

34
Q

The HPT Axis is the hypothalamus- [_____________] - thyroid axis what sets they thyroid gland in motion for regulating homeostasis

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Pituitary

Blood

Tissues

Digestive

Disease

A

Pituitary

35
Q

Your thyroid hormone helps regulate body temperature, but also maintains [____________]

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Pituitary

Blood

Tissues

Digestive

Disease

A

Blood

36
Q

Your thyroid hormone also promotes the growth of [__________]

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Pituitary

Blood

Tissues

Digestive

Disease

A

Tissues

37
Q

Your thyroid hormone also triggers the secretion of [_____________] juices

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Pituitary

Blood

Tissues

Digestive

Disease

A

Digestive

38
Q

Both the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex are under the control of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.

True

False

A

False

*The adrenal medulla is under nervous system control.

39
Q

Adrenal glands slide (Question doesn’t appear)

A

So I answered True.

40
Q

The adrenal cortex provides a slower but long-term stress response in comparison to the adrenal medulla.

True

False

A

True

*Nervous stimulation causes the adrenal medulla to provide a rapid but short-term stress response. The adrenal medulla is associated with fight-or-flight situations. The adrenal cortex provides a long-term response to stress.

41
Q

Which of the following is a glucocorticoid?

Norepinephrine

Renin

Cortisol

Epinephrine

Aldosterone

A

Cortisol

*Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is active in the stress response.

42
Q

Which of the following is a result of mineralocorticoid release?

The immune cells are suppressed.

Glucose is not broken down.

Inflammation is reduced.

Blood volume and pressure increase.

Proteins and fat are broken down.

A

Blood volume and pressure increase.

*Mineralocorticoids cause a blood volume and pressure increase due to their role in sodium homeostasis

43
Q

Which pancreatic hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells?

Cortisol

Epinephrine

Estradiol

Glucagon

Insulin

A

Insulin

*Insulin is secreted by the pancreas when the blood glucose levels are high, causing cells to increase their uptake of glucose. Glucagon is produced by the pancreas and it stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose. Estradiol is produced by the adrenal cortex. Epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.

44
Q

Glycogen can be broken down to increase blood glucose levels, but fat cannot be.

True

False

A

False

*Both fat and glycogen can be broken down to raise blood glucose levels.

45
Q

How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus similar?

The blood glucose levels are very high in both.

The body does not produce insulin in both.

The body does not produce glucagon in both.

Both are a result of obesity.

The number of glucose carriers is too low in both.

A

The blood glucose levels are very high in both.

*In all types of diabetes, the body’s cells are unable to take up glucose, and so blood glucose levels are high in both.

46
Q

Is it possible that a type 1 diabetic could be hypoglycemic?

True

False

A

False

*These individuals take daily insulin injections. If the amount of insulin is too great, the blood sugar level may drop (hypoglycemia).

47
Q

Most of the diabetics in the United States have type 1 diabetes.

True

False

A

False

*Most have type 2 diabetes.

48
Q

When insulin is secreted, what happens?

The liver breaks down glycogen.

Tissue stores of glucose are depleted.

Glucose is taken up by the cells.

The blood glucose level rises.

Adipose tissue breaks down fat.

A

Glucose is taken up by the cells.

*Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by the cells.

49
Q

Which of the following hormones is mismatched with its producing gland?

Thymus gland - Thymosins

Pineal gland - Melatonin

Testes - androgens

Ovaries - estrogen

Ovaries - follicle-stimulating hormone.

A

Ovaries - follicle-stimulating hormone

*The pituitary gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone.

50
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is involved in the regulation of both the testes and the ovaries.

True

False

A

True

*Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH, is produced by the hypothalamus and controls both the testes and ovaries.

51
Q

What is the function of melatonin?

Control the daily sleep-wake cycle.

Regulate blood glucose levels.

Regulate blood calcium levels.

Aid in the differentiation of T lymphocytes.

Control the color of skin.

A

Control the daily sleep-wake cycle.

*Melatonin is involved in circadian rhythms, daily rhythms such as the sleep-wake cycle.

52
Q

Which of the following secretes erythropoietin?

Thalamus

Small intestine

Kidney

Heart

Thymus

A

Kidney

*The kidneys secrete erythropoietin.

53
Q

Which hormone triggers satiety?

Prostaglandins

Erythropoietin

Leptin

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Epinephrine

A

Leptin

*Leptin is a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals satiety or fullness.

54
Q

In comparing the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems in controlling the body, the nervous system is better able to rapidly respond to changes in the external environment.

True

False

A

True

*The nervous system often has automatic responses to external stimuli and also has sensory receptors that provide us with information about the external environment.

55
Q

How would the endocrine and nervous systems respond to an individual touching a hot stove?

Sending signals that cause the release of norepinephrine.

Sending signals that cause the individual to move his/her whole body away.

Sending signals that pull the individual’s hand away.

Sending signals that cause the release of epinephrine.

The endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things.

A

The endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things.

*In concert, the endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things.

56
Q

If an individual is exposed to external stress, the nervous system is capable of responding faster than the endocrine system.

True

False

A

True

*The nervous system can respond more rapidly to external stress than the endocrine system.

57
Q

Treatment for Graves’ [______________] involves either inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones or blocking their effects

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Pituitary

Blood

Tissues

Digestive

Disease

A

Disease

58
Q

Which of the following is involved in blood glucose homeostasis?

Liver

Glucagon

Adipose tissue

Muscle

All of the answer choices are involved glucose homeostasis

A

All of the answer choices are involved in blood glucose homeostasis

*All of the answer choices are involved in the blood glucose homeostasis

59
Q

Which organ produces steroid hormones?

Adrenal cortex

Testes

All of the answer choices produce steroid hormones.

Ovaries

A

All of the answer choices produce steroid hormones.

*The adrena cortex, ovaries, and testes produce steroid hormones.

60
Q

The secretion of which hormones qualifies the pancreas as an endocrine gland?

Digestive juices and glucagon

Mineralocorticoids and insulin

Estradiol and digestive juices

Insulin and digestive juices

Insulin and glucagon

A

Insulin and glucagon

*Both insulin and glucagon are secreted by the pancreas directly into the bloodstream. Digestive juices are secreted by the pacreas, but they do not go into the bloodstream. Mineralocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal cortex. Estradiol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.

61
Q

How many iodine atoms are in thyroxine?

Two

One

Four

Five

Three

A

Four

*Thyroxine contains four iodine atoms.

62
Q

Usually you are consiously aware of the governance of your interal organs by the nervous and endocrine system.

True

False

A

False

*The governance of the internal organs usually occurs below the level of consciousness.

63
Q

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

Pineal

Pituitary

All of the answer choices are endocrine glands.

Thymus

Adrenal

A

All of the answer choices are endocrine glands.

*All of the answer choices are endocrine glands.

Biology 100 Intro/Human Biology (23 decks)

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