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Biology 100 Intro/Human Biology > Reproductive System - Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Reproductive System - Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

All of the body systems in humans are the same in males and females.

True

False

A

False

*The reproductive system of males and females differ. Males have gender-specific structures like testes and a penis, whereas females have ovaries, labia, and a vulva.

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2
Q

When does the reproductive system begin to function fully?

When there has been intercoures

After menopause

At birth

Before puberty

When puberty is complete

A

When puberty is complete.

*The reproductive system functions fully after puberty.

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3
Q

Both mitosis and meiosis are involved in making [________________] cells.

New

Body

Gametes

Chromosomes

Meiosis

Four

A

New

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4
Q

Mitosis results in [__________] cells.

New

Body

Gametes

Chromosomes

Meiosis

Four

A

Body

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5
Q

Meiosis results in sperm and egg cells, which are known as [___________]

New

Body

Gametes

Chromosomes

Meiosis

Four

A

Gametes

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6
Q

In human diploid (2n) cells there are 46 total [________________]

New

Body

Gametes

Chromosomes

Meiosis

Four

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of [___________]

New

Body

Gametes

Chromosomes

Meiosis

Four

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

At the end of meiosis we end up with [___________] non-identical cells (gametes)

New

Body

Gametes

Chromosomes

Meiosis

Four

A

Four

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9
Q

A human zygote contains 46 chromosomes.

True

False

A

True

*A zygote results from the union of a sperm with 23 chromosomes and and egg with 23 chromosomes.

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10
Q

Meiosis is to gametes as fertilization is to

Mitosis.

Egg.

Sperm.

Chromosome.

Zygote.

A

Zygote

*Meiosis results in the formation of gametes. Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote.

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11
Q

How many chromosomes does a human sperm contain?

48

24

46

23

1

A

23

*Human gametes (sperm and egg) contain the haploid number or 23 chromosomes.

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12
Q

Which of the following contributes to semen?

Vas deferens

Penis

Bulbourethral gland

Urethra

Epididymides

A

Bulbourethral gland

*The bulbourethral gland makes the seminal fluid gelatinous.

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13
Q

Which structure of the male reproductive system is also part of the urinary system?

Urethra

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral gland

Vas deferens

Testes

A

Urethra

*The urethra is a part of both the male reproductive system and urinary system.

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14
Q

The end result of meiosis I is

Spermatogonia.

Secondary spermatocytes.

Primary spermatocytes.

Spermatids.

Spermatozoa.

A

Secondary spermatocytes

*Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce secondary speratocytes.

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15
Q

Which of the following are found in the testes?

Spermatozoa

Seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells

Interstitial cells

All of the answer choices are found in testes.

A

All of the answer chices are found in the testes.

*Follicles are found in the ovaries, not the testes.

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16
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Ovaries

Vas deferens

Bulbourethral gland

Urethra

Lobules of the testes

A

Lobules of the testes

*Spermatogenesis occurs in the lobules of the testes. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries. The vas deferens conducts and stores sperm. The urethra conducts sperm. The bulbourethral gland contributes mucous-containing fluid to semen.

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17
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning hormonal control over the male reproductive system?

These hormones are involved in a negative feedback relationship.

The interstitial cells produce testosterone.

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are present in both males and females.

The hypothalamus secretes a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

All of the answer choices are true concerning hormonal control over the male reproductive system.

A

All of the answer choices are true concerning hormonal control over the male reproductive system.

*Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules.

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18
Q

Which of the following hormones is mismatched with its function?

Inhibin - blocks GnRH and FSH secretion

FSH - stimulates the hypothalamus

LH - controls the production of testosterone

Testosteronbe - brings about male secondary sexual characteristics

GnRH - stimulates the anterior pituitary

A

FSH - Stimulates the hypothalamus

*FSH promotes the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules.

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19
Q

The oviducts are attached to the ovaries.

True

False

A

False

*The oviducts are near the ovaries and have finger-like projections that sweep over the overies.

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20
Q

Where does fertilization of the egg normally occur?

Ovary

Abdominal cavity

Oviduct

Fimbria

Vagina

A

Oviduct

*The egg is usually fertilized in the oviduct.

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21
Q

Which layer of the endometrium is the functional layer and what does it do?

The innermost layer; grows in thickness during the uterine cycle.

The innermost layer; basal layer of reproducing cells.

The outermost layer; basal layer of reproducing cells.

The outermost layer; grows in thickness during the uterine cycle.

The middle layer; sheds frequently to maintain a healthy lining for implantation.

A

The innermost layer, grows in thickness during the uterine cycle.

*The innermost endometriall lining is the functional layer. It varies in thickness according to a monthly reproductive cycle.

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22
Q

The pH of the vagina is basic because that is the pH sperm prefer.

True

False

A

False

*The pH of the vagina is acidic. However, sperm do prefer a basic pH provided by seminal fluid.

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23
Q

Which of the following is part of the external genital organs of the female?

Vagina

Glans clitoris

Oviduct

Cervix

Ovary

A

Glans Clitoris

*The glans clitoris is part of the external genitals of the female.

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24
Q

Which of the following is only part of the female reproductive system.

Epididymides

Testes

Prostate gland

Urethra

Ovaries

A

Ovaries

*The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system.

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25
Q

What structure is present within a follicle?

Vaginal cleft

Oocyte

Clitoris

Labia

Mucus-secreting glands

A

Oocyte

*An ovary contains many follicles, and each one contains an immature egg called an oocyte.

26
Q

If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it never finishes meiosis.

True

False

A

True

*Meiosis II is completed only if the oocyte is first fertilized by a sperm cell.

27
Q

Following ovulation, the follicle

Becomes a vesicular or Graafian follicle.

Becomes a secondary follicle containing a secondary oocyte.

Disappears immediately.

Becomes a polar body.

Becomes the corpus luteum and produces sex hormones.

A

Becomes the corpus luteum and produces sex hormones.

*The follicle develops into a corpus luteum, a gland-like structure.

28
Q

During which stage of the ovarian cycle will LH spike?

Ovulation

Luteal phase

Secretory phase

Follicular phase

Proliferative phase

A

Ovulation

*During the ovulation stage of the ovarian cycle, where will be a spike in LH.

29
Q

When does the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle (nonpregnant) occur?

Days 15-28

Day 14

Days 1-5

Days 1-13

Days 6-13

A

Days 1-13

*The follicular phase lasts from days 1 to 13.

30
Q

Which of the following is a result of prolactin?

Milk production

Breast development

Fat distribution

Body hair distribution

The uterine cycle

A

Milk production

*Prolactin is responsible for milk production.

31
Q

Menstruation occurs during what days of the uterine cycle?

Days 28-32

Days 6-13

Days 15-28

Days 1-5

Days 1-13

A

Days 1-5

*Menstruation occurs on days 1 to 5 of the uterine cycle.

32
Q

Periods last anywhere between [__________] and seven days.

Two

Oocyte

Hormone

Ovulation

Progesterone

Period

Estrogen

A

Two

33
Q

The ovaries contain thousands of tiny sacs called follicles that each contain one [__________]

Two

Oocyte

Hormone

Ovulation

Progesterone

Period

Estrogen

A

Oocyte

34
Q

The Pituitary gland releases both follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing [_____________]

Two

Oocyte

Hormone

Ovulation

Progesterone

Period

Estrogen

A

Hormone

35
Q

[___________] occurs when the most mature egg cell is released from one of the ovaries

Two

Oocyte

Hormone

Ovulation

Progesterone

Period

Estrogen

A

Ovulation

36
Q

Following ovulation, the now empty follicle begins to release the hormone called [________________] which prepares the uterus for implantation

Two

Oocyte

Hormone

Ovulation

Progesterone

Period

Estrogen

A

Progesterone

37
Q

If implantation does not occur blood and tissue leave the body forming the [_________]

Two

Oocyte

Hormone

Ovulation

Progesterone

Period

Estrogen

A

Period

38
Q

After the period, the ovaries begin to secrete the hormone [______________] again

Two

Oocyte

Hormone

Ovulation

Progesterone

Period

Estrogen

A

Estrogen

39
Q

The placenta, which sustains the developing embryo and fetus, originates only from maternal tissue.

True

False

A

False

*The placenta originates from both maternal and fetal tissue.

40
Q

If fertilization occurs, the progesterone levels fall to almost zero.

True

False

A

False

*If fertilization occurs, the progesterone levels rise and stay high.

41
Q

Which form of birth control is 100% effective?

Natural family planning

Birth control pills

Abstinence

Hormone patch

Male condom

A

Abstinence

*Only abstinence, refraining from sexual intercource, is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.

42
Q

Which of the following forms of birth control is a small piece of molded plastic that does not allow the fertilized embryo to implant?

Female condom

Diaphragm

Cervical cap

Intrauterine device

Cervical shield

A

Intrauterine device

*An intrauterine device (IUD) prevents the fertilized embryo from implanting.

43
Q

Put the following methods of contraception in order from most effective to least effective:

  1. Hormone pill
  2. Female condom
  3. Spermicide
  4. Male condom
A

1,4,2,3

*Hormone pills are 98% effective. A male condom is 89% effective. A female condom is 79% effective. Spermicide are 50-80% effective.

44
Q

A tubal ligation consists of cutting and sealing the vas deferens so that sperm are unable to reach the seminal fluid.

True

False

A

False

*A tubal ligation consists of cutting and sealing the oviducts.

45
Q

What is the most frequent cause of infertility in males?

Tubal ligation

Low sperm count

Bodyweight

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Endometriosis

A

Low sperm count

* Low sperm count is the most frequent cause of infertility in males.

46
Q

What does being overweight have to do with infertility in women?

The uterus is displaced and the zygote has difficulty implanting.

Leptin levels are higher which impacts GnRH and FSH levels.

The oviducts are blocked.

Follicles are larger than normal and many mature at one time.

Uterine tissue is located outside of the uterus, causing pain and structural abnormalities.

A

Leptin levels are higher, which impacts GnRH and FSH.

*Leptin levels are higher in overweight women, and this impacts GnRH and FSH levels.

47
Q

During IVF, where does conception occur?

In the oviducts

In the laboratory

In the uterus

In the fimbriae

In the vagina

A

In the laboratory

*IFV stands for in vitro fertilization, and conception occurs in laboratory glassware.

48
Q

How does GIFT differ from IVF?

The sperm comes from a stranger.

Fertility drugs are used to obtain the eggs.

The eggs and sperm are placed in the oviducts immediately after being brought together.

A single sperm is injected into an egg.

A woman is contracted and paid to carry the baby.

A

The eggs and sperm are placed in the oviducts immediately after being brought together.

*GIFT is exactly the same as in vitro fertilization, except the eggs and the sperm are placed in the oviducts immediately after they have been brought together.

49
Q

Which of the following STDs is caused by a virus?

HIV/AIDS

Chlamydia

Gonorrhea

Vaginitis

Syphilis

A

HIV/AIDS

*HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.

50
Q

What causes genital warts?

Parasite

Molds

Fungi

Virus

Bacteria

A

Virus

*A virus, human papillomavirus, causes genital warts.

51
Q

The treatment available for genital herpes can cure the disease.

True

False

A

False

*Treatment for genital herpes slows the replication of the virus, but cannot eliminate it from the person’s body.

52
Q

Which of the following hepatitis viruses is normally transmitted through contaminated drinking water?

A

B

C

D

G

A

A

*Hepatitis A is usually acquired from sewage-contaminated drinking water.

53
Q

All of the following are viral infections, except

HIV/AIDS.

Chlamydia.

Hepatitis.

Herpes.

Warts.

A

Chlamydia

*Chlamydia is a bacterial infection.

54
Q

The development of a hard chancre (an ulcerated sore with hard edges) is an indication of what type of STD?

Hepatitis

Papillomavirus

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

Yeast infection

A

Syphilis

*A chancre indicates the site of infection of the organism that causes syphilis.

55
Q

Which of the following is a protist that causes an STD?

  • Neisseria gonorrhea*
  • Gardnerella vaginosis*
  • Candida albicans*
  • Chlamydia trachomatis*
  • Trichomonas vaginalis*
A

Trichomonas vaginalis

*Trichomonas vaginalis is a protist.

56
Q

Which assisted reproductive technology involves the maturation and fertilization of the egg within laboratory glassware, followed by transfer of the embryo to the uterus 2-4 days later?

In vitro fertilization

Artificial insemination

Gamete Intrafallopian transfer

Surrogate mother

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A

In vitro fertilization

*In vitro fertilization involves the maturation and fertilization of the egg within laboratory glassware, and then 2-4 days later, the embryo is transferred to the uterus. Gamete intrafallopian transfer is the same as in vitro fertilization, but the embryo is immediately inserted into the uterus instead of waiting 2-4 days. Artificial insemination involves a physician placing the sperm directly into the vagina. A surrogate mother is when a woman carries a baby for another woman. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is the injection of a single sperm into an egg.

57
Q

During implantation, the zygote can be found in the

Oviduct.

Labium minora.

Abdominal cavity.

Labium majora.

Endometrium.

A

Endometrium

*The zygote implants in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium.

58
Q

A Pap test checks for cancer of the

Cervix.

Ovary.

Vagina.

Oviduct.

Uterus.

A

Cervix

*Early detection of cervical cancer is possible by means of a Pap test.

59
Q

Bacterial vaginosis is always caused by sexual transmission.

True

False

A

False

*How bacterial vaginosis is acquired is not well understood, but females who are not sexually active get BV as well.

60
Q

The product(s) of meiosis I in oogenesis is/are

A polar body

A primary oocyte

A primary oocyte and a polar body

A secondary oocyte

A secondary oocyte and a polar body

A

A secondary oocyte and a polar body.

The products of meiosis I are a secondary oocyte and the first polar body.

Biology 100 Intro/Human Biology (23 decks)

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