Reproductive System - Chapter 17 Flashcards
All of the body systems in humans are the same in males and females.
True
False
False
*The reproductive system of males and females differ. Males have gender-specific structures like testes and a penis, whereas females have ovaries, labia, and a vulva.
When does the reproductive system begin to function fully?
When there has been intercoures
After menopause
At birth
Before puberty
When puberty is complete
When puberty is complete.
*The reproductive system functions fully after puberty.
Both mitosis and meiosis are involved in making [________________] cells.
New
Body
Gametes
Chromosomes
Meiosis
Four
New
Mitosis results in [__________] cells.
New
Body
Gametes
Chromosomes
Meiosis
Four
Body
Meiosis results in sperm and egg cells, which are known as [___________]
New
Body
Gametes
Chromosomes
Meiosis
Four
Gametes
In human diploid (2n) cells there are 46 total [________________]
New
Body
Gametes
Chromosomes
Meiosis
Four
Chromosomes
Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of [___________]
New
Body
Gametes
Chromosomes
Meiosis
Four
Meiosis
At the end of meiosis we end up with [___________] non-identical cells (gametes)
New
Body
Gametes
Chromosomes
Meiosis
Four
Four
A human zygote contains 46 chromosomes.
True
False
True
*A zygote results from the union of a sperm with 23 chromosomes and and egg with 23 chromosomes.
Meiosis is to gametes as fertilization is to
Mitosis.
Egg.
Sperm.
Chromosome.
Zygote.
Zygote
*Meiosis results in the formation of gametes. Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote.
How many chromosomes does a human sperm contain?
48
24
46
23
1
23
*Human gametes (sperm and egg) contain the haploid number or 23 chromosomes.
Which of the following contributes to semen?
Vas deferens
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Epididymides
Bulbourethral gland
*The bulbourethral gland makes the seminal fluid gelatinous.
Which structure of the male reproductive system is also part of the urinary system?
Urethra
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Vas deferens
Testes
Urethra
*The urethra is a part of both the male reproductive system and urinary system.
The end result of meiosis I is
Spermatogonia.
Secondary spermatocytes.
Primary spermatocytes.
Spermatids.
Spermatozoa.
Secondary spermatocytes
*Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce secondary speratocytes.
Which of the following are found in the testes?
Spermatozoa
Seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells
Interstitial cells
All of the answer choices are found in testes.
All of the answer chices are found in the testes.
*Follicles are found in the ovaries, not the testes.
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Ovaries
Vas deferens
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Lobules of the testes
Lobules of the testes
*Spermatogenesis occurs in the lobules of the testes. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries. The vas deferens conducts and stores sperm. The urethra conducts sperm. The bulbourethral gland contributes mucous-containing fluid to semen.
Which of the following statements is true concerning hormonal control over the male reproductive system?
These hormones are involved in a negative feedback relationship.
The interstitial cells produce testosterone.
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are present in both males and females.
The hypothalamus secretes a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
All of the answer choices are true concerning hormonal control over the male reproductive system.
All of the answer choices are true concerning hormonal control over the male reproductive system.
*Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules.
Which of the following hormones is mismatched with its function?
Inhibin - blocks GnRH and FSH secretion
FSH - stimulates the hypothalamus
LH - controls the production of testosterone
Testosteronbe - brings about male secondary sexual characteristics
GnRH - stimulates the anterior pituitary
FSH - Stimulates the hypothalamus
*FSH promotes the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules.
The oviducts are attached to the ovaries.
True
False
False
*The oviducts are near the ovaries and have finger-like projections that sweep over the overies.
Where does fertilization of the egg normally occur?
Ovary
Abdominal cavity
Oviduct
Fimbria
Vagina
Oviduct
*The egg is usually fertilized in the oviduct.
Which layer of the endometrium is the functional layer and what does it do?
The innermost layer; grows in thickness during the uterine cycle.
The innermost layer; basal layer of reproducing cells.
The outermost layer; basal layer of reproducing cells.
The outermost layer; grows in thickness during the uterine cycle.
The middle layer; sheds frequently to maintain a healthy lining for implantation.
The innermost layer, grows in thickness during the uterine cycle.
*The innermost endometriall lining is the functional layer. It varies in thickness according to a monthly reproductive cycle.
The pH of the vagina is basic because that is the pH sperm prefer.
True
False
False
*The pH of the vagina is acidic. However, sperm do prefer a basic pH provided by seminal fluid.
Which of the following is part of the external genital organs of the female?
Vagina
Glans clitoris
Oviduct
Cervix
Ovary
Glans Clitoris
*The glans clitoris is part of the external genitals of the female.
Which of the following is only part of the female reproductive system.
Epididymides
Testes
Prostate gland
Urethra
Ovaries
Ovaries
*The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system.
What structure is present within a follicle?
Vaginal cleft
Oocyte
Clitoris
Labia
Mucus-secreting glands
Oocyte
*An ovary contains many follicles, and each one contains an immature egg called an oocyte.
If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it never finishes meiosis.
True
False
True
*Meiosis II is completed only if the oocyte is first fertilized by a sperm cell.
Following ovulation, the follicle
Becomes a vesicular or Graafian follicle.
Becomes a secondary follicle containing a secondary oocyte.
Disappears immediately.
Becomes a polar body.
Becomes the corpus luteum and produces sex hormones.
Becomes the corpus luteum and produces sex hormones.
*The follicle develops into a corpus luteum, a gland-like structure.
During which stage of the ovarian cycle will LH spike?
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Secretory phase
Follicular phase
Proliferative phase
Ovulation
*During the ovulation stage of the ovarian cycle, where will be a spike in LH.
When does the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle (nonpregnant) occur?
Days 15-28
Day 14
Days 1-5
Days 1-13
Days 6-13
Days 1-13
*The follicular phase lasts from days 1 to 13.
Which of the following is a result of prolactin?
Milk production
Breast development
Fat distribution
Body hair distribution
The uterine cycle
Milk production
*Prolactin is responsible for milk production.
Menstruation occurs during what days of the uterine cycle?
Days 28-32
Days 6-13
Days 15-28
Days 1-5
Days 1-13
Days 1-5
*Menstruation occurs on days 1 to 5 of the uterine cycle.
Periods last anywhere between [__________] and seven days.
Two
Oocyte
Hormone
Ovulation
Progesterone
Period
Estrogen
Two
The ovaries contain thousands of tiny sacs called follicles that each contain one [__________]
Two
Oocyte
Hormone
Ovulation
Progesterone
Period
Estrogen
Oocyte
The Pituitary gland releases both follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing [_____________]
Two
Oocyte
Hormone
Ovulation
Progesterone
Period
Estrogen
Hormone
[___________] occurs when the most mature egg cell is released from one of the ovaries
Two
Oocyte
Hormone
Ovulation
Progesterone
Period
Estrogen
Ovulation
Following ovulation, the now empty follicle begins to release the hormone called [________________] which prepares the uterus for implantation
Two
Oocyte
Hormone
Ovulation
Progesterone
Period
Estrogen
Progesterone
If implantation does not occur blood and tissue leave the body forming the [_________]
Two
Oocyte
Hormone
Ovulation
Progesterone
Period
Estrogen
Period
After the period, the ovaries begin to secrete the hormone [______________] again
Two
Oocyte
Hormone
Ovulation
Progesterone
Period
Estrogen
Estrogen
The placenta, which sustains the developing embryo and fetus, originates only from maternal tissue.
True
False
False
*The placenta originates from both maternal and fetal tissue.
If fertilization occurs, the progesterone levels fall to almost zero.
True
False
False
*If fertilization occurs, the progesterone levels rise and stay high.
Which form of birth control is 100% effective?
Natural family planning
Birth control pills
Abstinence
Hormone patch
Male condom
Abstinence
*Only abstinence, refraining from sexual intercource, is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.
Which of the following forms of birth control is a small piece of molded plastic that does not allow the fertilized embryo to implant?
Female condom
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Intrauterine device
Cervical shield
Intrauterine device
*An intrauterine device (IUD) prevents the fertilized embryo from implanting.
Put the following methods of contraception in order from most effective to least effective:
- Hormone pill
- Female condom
- Spermicide
- Male condom
1,4,2,3
*Hormone pills are 98% effective. A male condom is 89% effective. A female condom is 79% effective. Spermicide are 50-80% effective.
A tubal ligation consists of cutting and sealing the vas deferens so that sperm are unable to reach the seminal fluid.
True
False
False
*A tubal ligation consists of cutting and sealing the oviducts.
What is the most frequent cause of infertility in males?
Tubal ligation
Low sperm count
Bodyweight
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Endometriosis
Low sperm count
* Low sperm count is the most frequent cause of infertility in males.
What does being overweight have to do with infertility in women?
The uterus is displaced and the zygote has difficulty implanting.
Leptin levels are higher which impacts GnRH and FSH levels.
The oviducts are blocked.
Follicles are larger than normal and many mature at one time.
Uterine tissue is located outside of the uterus, causing pain and structural abnormalities.
Leptin levels are higher, which impacts GnRH and FSH.
*Leptin levels are higher in overweight women, and this impacts GnRH and FSH levels.
During IVF, where does conception occur?
In the oviducts
In the laboratory
In the uterus
In the fimbriae
In the vagina
In the laboratory
*IFV stands for in vitro fertilization, and conception occurs in laboratory glassware.
How does GIFT differ from IVF?
The sperm comes from a stranger.
Fertility drugs are used to obtain the eggs.
The eggs and sperm are placed in the oviducts immediately after being brought together.
A single sperm is injected into an egg.
A woman is contracted and paid to carry the baby.
The eggs and sperm are placed in the oviducts immediately after being brought together.
*GIFT is exactly the same as in vitro fertilization, except the eggs and the sperm are placed in the oviducts immediately after they have been brought together.
Which of the following STDs is caused by a virus?
HIV/AIDS
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Vaginitis
Syphilis
HIV/AIDS
*HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
What causes genital warts?
Parasite
Molds
Fungi
Virus
Bacteria
Virus
*A virus, human papillomavirus, causes genital warts.
The treatment available for genital herpes can cure the disease.
True
False
False
*Treatment for genital herpes slows the replication of the virus, but cannot eliminate it from the person’s body.
Which of the following hepatitis viruses is normally transmitted through contaminated drinking water?
A
B
C
D
G
A
*Hepatitis A is usually acquired from sewage-contaminated drinking water.
All of the following are viral infections, except
HIV/AIDS.
Chlamydia.
Hepatitis.
Herpes.
Warts.
Chlamydia
*Chlamydia is a bacterial infection.
The development of a hard chancre (an ulcerated sore with hard edges) is an indication of what type of STD?
Hepatitis
Papillomavirus
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Yeast infection
Syphilis
*A chancre indicates the site of infection of the organism that causes syphilis.
Which of the following is a protist that causes an STD?
- Neisseria gonorrhea*
- Gardnerella vaginosis*
- Candida albicans*
- Chlamydia trachomatis*
- Trichomonas vaginalis*
Trichomonas vaginalis
*Trichomonas vaginalis is a protist.
Which assisted reproductive technology involves the maturation and fertilization of the egg within laboratory glassware, followed by transfer of the embryo to the uterus 2-4 days later?
In vitro fertilization
Artificial insemination
Gamete Intrafallopian transfer
Surrogate mother
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
In vitro fertilization
*In vitro fertilization involves the maturation and fertilization of the egg within laboratory glassware, and then 2-4 days later, the embryo is transferred to the uterus. Gamete intrafallopian transfer is the same as in vitro fertilization, but the embryo is immediately inserted into the uterus instead of waiting 2-4 days. Artificial insemination involves a physician placing the sperm directly into the vagina. A surrogate mother is when a woman carries a baby for another woman. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is the injection of a single sperm into an egg.
During implantation, the zygote can be found in the
Oviduct.
Labium minora.
Abdominal cavity.
Labium majora.
Endometrium.
Endometrium
*The zygote implants in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium.
A Pap test checks for cancer of the
Cervix.
Ovary.
Vagina.
Oviduct.
Uterus.
Cervix
*Early detection of cervical cancer is possible by means of a Pap test.
Bacterial vaginosis is always caused by sexual transmission.
True
False
False
*How bacterial vaginosis is acquired is not well understood, but females who are not sexually active get BV as well.
The product(s) of meiosis I in oogenesis is/are
A polar body
A primary oocyte
A primary oocyte and a polar body
A secondary oocyte
A secondary oocyte and a polar body
A secondary oocyte and a polar body.
The products of meiosis I are a secondary oocyte and the first polar body.
