Senses - Chapter 15 Flashcards by Shelley Fitzpatrick

What type of exteroceptors are located in the ear?

Photoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

None of the answers choices is correct.

Mechanoreceptors

*Mechanoreceptors are located in the vestibule and semicircular canals of the inner ear.

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[_______________] respond to forces and movements.

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

Gustatory

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

Mechanoreceptors

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[_______________] respond to chemical substances

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

Gustatory

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

Chemoreceptors

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[______________] respond to heat

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

Gustatory

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

Thermoreceptors

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[________________] respond to light

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

Gustatory

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

Photoreceptors

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The [______________] bulbs of the brain are located on the side of the skull bone from the nasal passage and detect molecules entering our nasal passage.

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

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The taste buds on our tongues are many [______________] receptor cells with hairs that bind the molecules and food and send messages to our brain’s gustatory receptors

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

Gustatory

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

Gustatory

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Our sense of sight uses rods and [____________] as the main sensory receptor cells. Rods and cones are located in the retina of the eye.

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

Gustatory

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

Cones

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A snail-like region called the [___________] contains tiny hair cells, which are mechanoreceptors, that register movement that’s amplified from sound waves

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

Gustatory

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

Cochlea

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In the skin are many types of receptors, including [_______________] cells which are mechanoreceptors that detect touch, and thermoreceptors, which can sense hot and cold

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Olfactory

Gustatory

Cones

Cochlea

Merkel

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Where are thermoreceptors located?

Muscles, joints, and tendons

Aorta and vena cava

Semicircular canals of the ear

Hypothalamus and skin

Nasal cavity and tongue

Hypothalamus and skin

*Thermoreceptors are located in the hypothalamus and skin.

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When blood pressure increases, what type of sensory receptor detects this?

An exteroceptor called a chemoreceptor

An exteroceptor called an osmoreceptor

An interoceptor called a chemocreceptor

An interoceptor called a baroreceptor

An exteroceptor called a nociceptor

An interoceptor called a baroreceptor

*Interoceptors receive stimuli from inside the body. Baroreceptors respond to changes in pressure.

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If the nerves between the eyes and ears were switched, stimulation of the mechanoreceptors in the ear would result in

Seeing lights

Both hearings sounds and seeing lights

Deafness

Hearing sounds

Blindness

Seeing lights

*Stimulation of the mechanoreceptors would eventually arrive in the visual cortex if the nerves were switched. Therefore, the result would be seeing lights. The individual could still see if the receptors in the eyes were stimulated.

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When you entered the room, there was a faint smell of smoke, but after about an hour, you no longer noticed the smell. What happened?

Thermoreception

Nociception

Sensory reception

Sensory adaptation

Mechanoreception

Sensory adaptation

*Sensory adaptation, a decrease in response to a continuing stimulus, occurred.

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What type of receptor is involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone and, thereby, the body’s equilibrium and posture?

Cutaneous receptors

Proprioceptors

Nociceptors

Pain receptors

Chemoreceptors

Proprioceptors

*Propreoceptors are mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone, equilibrium, and posture.

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Golgi tendon organs are a type of cutaneous receptor for touch.

True

False

*Golgi tendon organs are found in tendons and decrease muscle contraction. They are a type of proprioceptor.

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Which of the following is a type of cutaneous receptor?

Meissner corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles

Krause end bulbs

Merkel disks

All of the answer choices are types of cutaneous receptors.

*All of the answer choices are types of cutaneous receptors

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Which of the following cutaneous receptors is mismatched with its function?

Meissner corpuscles, fine touch

Krause end bulbs, fine touch

Ruffini endings, pressure

Pacinian corpuscles, fine touch

Free nerve endings, temperature

Pacinian corpuscles, fine touch

*Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to pressure.

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The intensity of pain is not always proportional to the extent of [_____________]

Injury

Nociception

Pain

Gene

Injury

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[______________] is a biological reception of harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.

Injury

Nociception

Pain

Gene

Nociception

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A person’s emotional state, memories, beliefs and expectations can all influence how much [____________] they experience.

Injury

Nociception

Pain

Gene

Pain

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Genetic testing in people with rare disorders that prevent them from feeling pain has pinpointed several other possible targets for drugs and perhaps eventually [____________] therapy.

Injury

Nociception

Pain

Gene

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The type of taste called umami allows us to enjoy what type of flavor?

Savory

Bitter

Sour

Salty

Sweet

Savory

*Umami allows us to enjoy the savory flavors of certain cheeses, beef, and mushrooms.

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Papillae occur along the walls of the taste buds on the tongue.

True

False

*Taste buds occur along the walls of the papillae on the tongue.

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Which of the following statements is true concerning olfactory cells? Olfactory cells are located in the roof of the nasal cavity. Olfactory cells end in a tuft of about five cilia. Each olfactory cell has only one out of several hundred different types of receptor proteins. Olfactory cells are modified neurons. All of the answer choices are true concerning olfactory cells.

All of the answer choices are true concerning olfactory cells. \*All of the answer choices are true concerning olfactory cells.

Nerve signals from taste buds go primarily to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while those for olfactory cells go primarily to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Hypothalamus; thalamus Temporal lobe; parietal lobe Spinal cord; cerebral cortex Thalamus; hypothalamus Parietal lobe; temporal lobe

Parietal lobe; temporal lobe \*Taste signals reach the taste cortex, located primarily in the parietal lobe, whereas the olfactory cortex is located in the temporal lobe.

Which of the following is a layer or coat of the eye? Retina Sclera Collagen fibers Choroid All of the answer choices are layers of the eye.

All of the answer choices are layers of the eye. \*All of the answer choices are layers of the eye.

The rod and cone cells are located within which layer of the eye? Choroid Iris Retina Sclera Lens

Retina \*Rod cells and cone cells are located within the retina.

Light perception happens in a paper-thin layer of cells, called the [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] Retina Rods Cone Green

Retina

[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] are used for being in low-light conditions Retina Rods Cone Green

Rods

Three kinds of [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]cells that roughly correspond to the colors: red, green, and blue Retina Rods Cone Green

Cone

Because we only have three kinds of cones, the brain can be tricked into thinking it's seeing any color by carefully adding together the right combination of just three colors: red, [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] and blue Retina Rods Cone Green

Green

As you try to focus on a faraway object, the lens of the eye becomes round and thick True False

False \*As you view a distant object, the ciliary muscle relaxes, and the lens remains relatively flat.

It is just a myth that eating carrots will improve your night vision. True False

False \*Carrots are rich in vitamin A, so it is true that eating carrots can improve your night vision.

What is the correct order of cells within the retina starting in the posterior compartment and ending in the choroid? Ganglion cell layer, rod and cone cell layer, sclera Ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer Rod and cone cell layer, bipolar cell layer, ganglion cell layer Sclera, rod and cone cell layer, ganglion cell layer Bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer, sclera

Ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer \*The ganglion cell layer is innermost (next to the posterior compartment). followed by the bipolar cell layer, and the rod and cone layer. The sclera is not part of the retina.

One-third of the cerebral cortex takes part in processing visual information. True False

True \*Researchers estimate that at least a third of the cerebral cortex takes part in processing visual information.

Which of the following is a genetic mutation that affects males more than females? Red-green color blindness Blindness Farsightedness Astigmatism Nearsightedness

Red-green color blindness \*Red-green color blindness is an x-linked trait caused by a genetic mutation that affects 5-8% of the male population.

Nearsighted people cannot see objects that are close. True False

False \*Nearsighted people can see close objects better than they can see objects at a distance.

In farsightedness Rays do not focus evenly. Rays focus in front of the retina. The cornea is uneven. A concave lens corrects vision. The eyeball is shorter than normal.

The eyeball is shorter than normal. \*In farsightedness, the eyeball is shorter than normal, and rays focus behind the retina when viewing close objects.

[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] is the ability of a transparent medium to change the direction of light passing through it Refraction Lens Astigmatism 500

Refraction

The two refractive surfaces of the eye are the cornea and the [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] Refraction Lens Astigmatism 500

Lens

A form of out-of-focus vision that makes all things look blurred is called [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] Refraction Lens Astigmatism 500

Astigmatism

About [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] million people have a problem with close order far vision. Refraction Lens Astigmatism 500

500

Which of the following is part of the middle ear? Malleus Semicircular canals Auditory canal Cochlea Pinna

Malleus \*The malleus is a bone in the middle ear.

All of the parts of the inner ear are concerned with equilibrium. True False

False \*The semicircular canals and vestibule are concerned with equilibrium, but the cochlea is concerned with hearing.

What structures, in order, are responsible for hearing, starting with a sound wave? Auditory canal, oval window, stapes, incus, malleus, tympanic membrane, cochlea Auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea Tympanic membrane, incus, stapes, malleus, oval window, cochlea, auditory canal Cochlea, tympanic membrane, auditory canal, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, auditory canal, cochlea, oval window

Auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea \*Sound waves enter the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane. This causes the malleus, incus, and stapes to vibrate. The malleus strikes the oval window, which passes pressure to the fluid of the cochlea.

The two major organs of the auditory system are the ears and the [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] Brain Outer Ears Third Osteosclerosis

Brain

Stereocilia include both inner hair cells and [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] hair cells Brain Outer Ears Third Osteosclerosis

Outer

A sound that comes from directly in front of you will reach both [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] at the same time Brain Outer Ears Third Osteosclerosis

Ears

Hearing loss is the [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] most common chronic disease in the world Brain Outer Ears Third

Third

Diseases like [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] freeze the tiny ear bones so they no longer vibrate Brain Outer Ears Third Osteosclerosis

Osteosclerosis

The louder a pitch, the more the basilar membrane vibrates. True False

True \*Loud noises cause the fluid within the vestibular canal to exert more pressure and the basilar membrane to vibrate to a greater extent.

How can you tell the difference between the sound of a tuba and that of a flute? The cochlear nerve fires more frequently for higher pitches and less frequently for lower pitches. The brain interprets pitches based on the strength of the sound waves. Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies. The spiral organ responds to low pitches near the tip and to higher pitches near the base. Lower pitches activate all three bones of the middle ear, while higher pitches only activate one or two. Lower pitches cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, while higher pitches vibrate the vestibular canal.

Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies. \*Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies. The spiral organ responds to low pitches near the tip and to higher pitches near the base.

Which receptors are associated with the sense of equilibrium? Nociceptors Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors \*Mechanoreceptors are associated with the sense of equilibrium. Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of taste and smell. Photoreceptors are associated with the sense of vision. Thermoreceptors are associated with the sense of temperature. Nociceptors are associated with the sense of pain.

Which of the following is involved with rotational equilibrium? Otoliths Saccule Utricle Kinocilium Ampulla

Ampulla \*The ampulla is involved in rotational equilibrium.

The utricle is especially sensitive to what type of movement? Standing upright Spinning around Bending over Back and forth Up and down

Back and forth \*The utricle is especially sensitive to horizontal or back and forth movements and bending of the head.

If stereocilia move toward the kinocilium, which of the following occurs? Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve. The otoliths in the utricle return to their resting place. Fluid within the semicircular canal flows over and displaces the cupula. The data is sent to the medulla oblongata for processing. The cupula begins to move in the same direction.

Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve. \*Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve and the brain interprets these as motion.

Gravitational equilibrium is responsible for detecting up and down movements of the head. True False

True \*Gravitational equilibrium detects movement in the vertical or horizontal planes.

Mechanoreceptors located in the auditory tubes are responsible for determining rotational equilibrium. True False

False \*Mechanoreceptors in the semicircular canals are responsible for determining rotational equilibrium

The summing up of nerve signals by __________ is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The reticular activating system; perception The cerebral cortex; sensation The cerebral cortex; perception Sensory receptors; integration Sensory receptors; sensation

Sensory receptors; integration \*Before sensory receptors initiate nerve signals, they also carry out integration, or the summing up of signals.

Which structure is associated with the outer ear? Semicircular canals Tympanic membrane Round ear Auditory canal Cochlea

Auditory canal \*The auditory canal is part of the outer ear. The tympanic membrane and round window are part of the middle ear. The semicircular canals and cochlea are part of the inner ear.

Taste and smell are similar in that both respond to some sort of pressure. True False

False \*Taste and smell both involve chemoreceptors which respond to chemical stimuli.

Sensory receptors of the skin are very distinct -- each one has its own function. True False

False \*It appears that the receptors of the skin are somewhat, but not completely, specialized.

Cold receptors are free nerve endings, whereas Merkel disks are the receptors for warmth. True False

False \*Both cold and warmth receptors are free nerve endings, but the two types have no known structural differences.

Which of the following is found within the cochlea? Incus Spiral organ Tympanic membrane Semicircular canals Stapes

Spiral organ \*The sense organ for hearing, called the spiral organ, is located in the cochlear canal.

Proprioceptors are classified as which type of receptor? Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors Cutaneous receptors

Mechanoreceptors \*Proprioceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor.