Senses - Chapter 15 Flashcards
What type of exteroceptors are located in the ear?
Photoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
None of the answers choices is correct.
Mechanoreceptors
*Mechanoreceptors are located in the vestibule and semicircular canals of the inner ear.
[_______________] respond to forces and movements.
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Gustatory
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Mechanoreceptors
[_______________] respond to chemical substances
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Gustatory
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Chemoreceptors
[______________] respond to heat
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Gustatory
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Thermoreceptors
[________________] respond to light
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Gustatory
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Photoreceptors
The [______________] bulbs of the brain are located on the side of the skull bone from the nasal passage and detect molecules entering our nasal passage.
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Olfactory
The taste buds on our tongues are many [______________] receptor cells with hairs that bind the molecules and food and send messages to our brain’s gustatory receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Gustatory
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Gustatory
Our sense of sight uses rods and [____________] as the main sensory receptor cells. Rods and cones are located in the retina of the eye.
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Gustatory
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Cones
A snail-like region called the [___________] contains tiny hair cells, which are mechanoreceptors, that register movement that’s amplified from sound waves
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Gustatory
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Cochlea
In the skin are many types of receptors, including [_______________] cells which are mechanoreceptors that detect touch, and thermoreceptors, which can sense hot and cold
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory
Gustatory
Cones
Cochlea
Merkel
Merkel
Where are thermoreceptors located?
Muscles, joints, and tendons
Aorta and vena cava
Semicircular canals of the ear
Hypothalamus and skin
Nasal cavity and tongue
Hypothalamus and skin
*Thermoreceptors are located in the hypothalamus and skin.
When blood pressure increases, what type of sensory receptor detects this?
An exteroceptor called a chemoreceptor
An exteroceptor called an osmoreceptor
An interoceptor called a chemocreceptor
An interoceptor called a baroreceptor
An exteroceptor called a nociceptor
An interoceptor called a baroreceptor
*Interoceptors receive stimuli from inside the body. Baroreceptors respond to changes in pressure.
If the nerves between the eyes and ears were switched, stimulation of the mechanoreceptors in the ear would result in
Seeing lights
Both hearings sounds and seeing lights
Deafness
Hearing sounds
Blindness
Seeing lights
*Stimulation of the mechanoreceptors would eventually arrive in the visual cortex if the nerves were switched. Therefore, the result would be seeing lights. The individual could still see if the receptors in the eyes were stimulated.
When you entered the room, there was a faint smell of smoke, but after about an hour, you no longer noticed the smell. What happened?
Thermoreception
Nociception
Sensory reception
Sensory adaptation
Mechanoreception
Sensory adaptation
*Sensory adaptation, a decrease in response to a continuing stimulus, occurred.
What type of receptor is involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone and, thereby, the body’s equilibrium and posture?
Cutaneous receptors
Proprioceptors
Nociceptors
Pain receptors
Chemoreceptors
Proprioceptors
*Propreoceptors are mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone, equilibrium, and posture.
Golgi tendon organs are a type of cutaneous receptor for touch.
True
False
False
*Golgi tendon organs are found in tendons and decrease muscle contraction. They are a type of proprioceptor.
Which of the following is a type of cutaneous receptor?
Meissner corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Krause end bulbs
Merkel disks
All of the answer choices are types of cutaneous receptors.
All of the answer choices are types of cutaneous receptors.
*All of the answer choices are types of cutaneous receptors
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is mismatched with its function?
Meissner corpuscles, fine touch
Krause end bulbs, fine touch
Ruffini endings, pressure
Pacinian corpuscles, fine touch
Free nerve endings, temperature
Pacinian corpuscles, fine touch
*Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to pressure.
The intensity of pain is not always proportional to the extent of [_____________]
Injury
Nociception
Pain
Gene
Injury
[______________] is a biological reception of harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.
Injury
Nociception
Pain
Gene
Nociception
A person’s emotional state, memories, beliefs and expectations can all influence how much [____________] they experience.
Injury
Nociception
Pain
Gene
Pain
Genetic testing in people with rare disorders that prevent them from feeling pain has pinpointed several other possible targets for drugs and perhaps eventually [____________] therapy.
Injury
Nociception
Pain
Gene
Gene
The type of taste called umami allows us to enjoy what type of flavor?
Savory
Bitter
Sour
Salty
Sweet
Savory
*Umami allows us to enjoy the savory flavors of certain cheeses, beef, and mushrooms.
Papillae occur along the walls of the taste buds on the tongue.
True
False
False
*Taste buds occur along the walls of the papillae on the tongue.
Which of the following statements is true concerning olfactory cells?
Olfactory cells are located in the roof of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory cells end in a tuft of about five cilia.
Each olfactory cell has only one out of several hundred different types of receptor proteins.
Olfactory cells are modified neurons.
All of the answer choices are true concerning olfactory cells.
All of the answer choices are true concerning olfactory cells.
*All of the answer choices are true concerning olfactory cells.
Nerve signals from taste buds go primarily to the _________, while those for olfactory cells go primarily to the ______________.
Hypothalamus; thalamus
Temporal lobe; parietal lobe
Spinal cord; cerebral cortex
Thalamus; hypothalamus
Parietal lobe; temporal lobe
Parietal lobe; temporal lobe
*Taste signals reach the taste cortex, located primarily in the parietal lobe, whereas the olfactory cortex is located in the temporal lobe.
Which of the following is a layer or coat of the eye?
Retina
Sclera
Collagen fibers
Choroid
All of the answer choices are layers of the eye.
All of the answer choices are layers of the eye.
*All of the answer choices are layers of the eye.
The rod and cone cells are located within which layer of the eye?
Choroid
Iris
Retina
Sclera
Lens
Retina
*Rod cells and cone cells are located within the retina.
Light perception happens in a paper-thin layer of cells, called the [_________]
Retina
Rods
Cone
Green
Retina
[_____________] are used for being in low-light conditions
Retina
Rods
Cone
Green
Rods
Three kinds of [_______________]cells that roughly correspond to the colors: red, green, and blue
Retina
Rods
Cone
Green
Cone
Because we only have three kinds of cones, the brain can be tricked into thinking it’s seeing any color by carefully adding together the right combination of just three colors: red, [____________] and blue
Retina
Rods
Cone
Green
Green
As you try to focus on a faraway object, the lens of the eye becomes round and thick
True
False
False
*As you view a distant object, the ciliary muscle relaxes, and the lens remains relatively flat.
It is just a myth that eating carrots will improve your night vision.
True
False
False
*Carrots are rich in vitamin A, so it is true that eating carrots can improve your night vision.
What is the correct order of cells within the retina starting in the posterior compartment and ending in the choroid?
Ganglion cell layer, rod and cone cell layer, sclera
Ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer
Rod and cone cell layer, bipolar cell layer, ganglion cell layer
Sclera, rod and cone cell layer, ganglion cell layer
Bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer, sclera
Ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rod and cone cell layer
*The ganglion cell layer is innermost (next to the posterior compartment). followed by the bipolar cell layer, and the rod and cone layer. The sclera is not part of the retina.
One-third of the cerebral cortex takes part in processing visual information.
True
False
True
*Researchers estimate that at least a third of the cerebral cortex takes part in processing visual information.
Which of the following is a genetic mutation that affects males more than females?
Red-green color blindness
Blindness
Farsightedness
Astigmatism
Nearsightedness
Red-green color blindness
*Red-green color blindness is an x-linked trait caused by a genetic mutation that affects 5-8% of the male population.
Nearsighted people cannot see objects that are close.
True
False
False
*Nearsighted people can see close objects better than they can see objects at a distance.
In farsightedness
Rays do not focus evenly.
Rays focus in front of the retina.
The cornea is uneven.
A concave lens corrects vision.
The eyeball is shorter than normal.
The eyeball is shorter than normal.
*In farsightedness, the eyeball is shorter than normal, and rays focus behind the retina when viewing close objects.
[______________] is the ability of a transparent medium to change the direction of light passing through it
Refraction
Lens
Astigmatism
500
Refraction
The two refractive surfaces of the eye are the cornea and the [____________]
Refraction
Lens
Astigmatism
500
Lens
A form of out-of-focus vision that makes all things look blurred is called [________________]
Refraction
Lens
Astigmatism
500
Astigmatism
About [______________] million people have a problem with close order far vision.
Refraction
Lens
Astigmatism
500
500
Which of the following is part of the middle ear?
Malleus
Semicircular canals
Auditory canal
Cochlea
Pinna
Malleus
*The malleus is a bone in the middle ear.
All of the parts of the inner ear are concerned with equilibrium.
True
False
False
*The semicircular canals and vestibule are concerned with equilibrium, but the cochlea is concerned with hearing.
What structures, in order, are responsible for hearing, starting with a sound wave?
Auditory canal, oval window, stapes, incus, malleus, tympanic membrane, cochlea
Auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea
Tympanic membrane, incus, stapes, malleus, oval window, cochlea, auditory canal
Cochlea, tympanic membrane, auditory canal, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window
Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, auditory canal, cochlea, oval window
Auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea
*Sound waves enter the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane. This causes the malleus, incus, and stapes to vibrate. The malleus strikes the oval window, which passes pressure to the fluid of the cochlea.
The two major organs of the auditory system are the ears and the [____________]
Brain
Outer
Ears
Third
Osteosclerosis
Brain
Stereocilia include both inner hair cells and [_______________] hair cells
Brain
Outer
Ears
Third
Osteosclerosis
Outer
A sound that comes from directly in front of you will reach both [_____________] at the same time
Brain
Outer
Ears
Third
Osteosclerosis
Ears
Hearing loss is the [___________] most common chronic disease in the world
Brain
Outer
Ears
Third
Third
Diseases like [______________] freeze the tiny ear bones so they no longer vibrate
Brain
Outer
Ears
Third
Osteosclerosis
Osteosclerosis
The louder a pitch, the more the basilar membrane vibrates.
True
False
True
*Loud noises cause the fluid within the vestibular canal to exert more pressure and the basilar membrane to vibrate to a greater extent.
How can you tell the difference between the sound of a tuba and that of a flute?
The cochlear nerve fires more frequently for higher pitches and less frequently for lower pitches.
The brain interprets pitches based on the strength of the sound waves.
Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies. The spiral organ responds to low pitches near the tip and to higher pitches near the base.
Lower pitches activate all three bones of the middle ear, while higher pitches only activate one or two.
Lower pitches cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, while higher pitches vibrate the vestibular canal.
Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies.
*Each part of the spiral organ is sensitive to different wave frequencies. The spiral organ responds to low pitches near the tip and to higher pitches near the base.
Which receptors are associated with the sense of equilibrium?
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
*Mechanoreceptors are associated with the sense of equilibrium. Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of taste and smell. Photoreceptors are associated with the sense of vision. Thermoreceptors are associated with the sense of temperature. Nociceptors are associated with the sense of pain.
Which of the following is involved with rotational equilibrium?
Otoliths
Saccule
Utricle
Kinocilium
Ampulla
Ampulla
*The ampulla is involved in rotational equilibrium.
The utricle is especially sensitive to what type of movement?
Standing upright
Spinning around
Bending over
Back and forth
Up and down
Back and forth
*The utricle is especially sensitive to horizontal or back and forth movements and bending of the head.
If stereocilia move toward the kinocilium, which of the following occurs?
Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve.
The otoliths in the utricle return to their resting place.
Fluid within the semicircular canal flows over and displaces the cupula.
The data is sent to the medulla oblongata for processing.
The cupula begins to move in the same direction.
Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve.
*Nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve and the brain interprets these as motion.
Gravitational equilibrium is responsible for detecting up and down movements of the head.
True
False
True
*Gravitational equilibrium detects movement in the vertical or horizontal planes.
Mechanoreceptors located in the auditory tubes are responsible for determining rotational equilibrium.
True
False
False
*Mechanoreceptors in the semicircular canals are responsible for determining rotational equilibrium
The summing up of nerve signals by __________ is called _________.
The reticular activating system; perception
The cerebral cortex; sensation
The cerebral cortex; perception
Sensory receptors; integration
Sensory receptors; sensation
Sensory receptors; integration
*Before sensory receptors initiate nerve signals, they also carry out integration, or the summing up of signals.
Which structure is associated with the outer ear?
Semicircular canals
Tympanic membrane
Round ear
Auditory canal
Cochlea
Auditory canal
*The auditory canal is part of the outer ear. The tympanic membrane and round window are part of the middle ear. The semicircular canals and cochlea are part of the inner ear.
Taste and smell are similar in that both respond to some sort of pressure.
True
False
False
*Taste and smell both involve chemoreceptors which respond to chemical stimuli.
Sensory receptors of the skin are very distinct – each one has its own function.
True
False
False
*It appears that the receptors of the skin are somewhat, but not completely, specialized.
Cold receptors are free nerve endings, whereas Merkel disks are the receptors for warmth.
True
False
False
*Both cold and warmth receptors are free nerve endings, but the two types have no known structural differences.
Which of the following is found within the cochlea?
Incus
Spiral organ
Tympanic membrane
Semicircular canals
Stapes
Spiral organ
*The sense organ for hearing, called the spiral organ, is located in the cochlear canal.
Proprioceptors are classified as which type of receptor?
Photoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Cutaneous receptors
Mechanoreceptors
*Proprioceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor.
