Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Urinary System(book Based) > Flashcards

Urinary System(book Based) Flashcards

0
Q

A glycoprotein that stimulates the production of erythrocytes. And is also produced in the kidneys

A

Eryhtropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

A protease that participates in the regulation of BP by cleaving circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Active form of the Vitamin D which is involved in the regulation of calcium balance

A

Calcitriol( 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The initial site of production of steroid prohormone Vitamin D

A

Skin keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hydroxylation of steroid prohormone Vitamin D occurs where?

A

Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

It connects the primitive mesonephros to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs.

A

Wolffian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A concave medial border where nerves enter, ureter exits, and blood and lymph vessels enter and exit.

A

Hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The expanded upper end of the ureter. Divide into 2 or 3 ________

A

Renal pelvis, major calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Smaller branches, arises from the major calyces

A

Minor calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Area surrounding the calyces. Usually contains considerable adipose tissue

A

Renal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Renal medulla consists of 8-15 conical structures called

A

Renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Renal pyramids are separated by cortical extensions called

A

Renal columns of Bertini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Each renal pyramid plus the cortical tissue at its base and along its sides costitutes

A

Renal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functional unit of kidney

A

Nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Major division of a nephron, An initial dilated portion of the cortex.

A

Renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Major division of a nephron, located primarily in the cortex

A

PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Major division of a nephron, descends into the medulla, then ascend back to the cortex

A

Thin & thick limbs of the Loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Collecting tubules from several nephrons converge into _________ which carry urine to the calyces and the ureter.

A

Collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Located almost completely at the cortex. Short loops.

A

Cortical nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Close to the medulla have long loops in the medulla. Long loops.

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Renal blood circulation

A

Renal artery-segmental artery-interlobar artery-arcuate artery-interlobular artery-afferent arteriole-glomerulus-efferent arterioles-peritubular capillary(vasa recta)-interlobular veins-arcuate veins-interlobar veins-renal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This divides into two or three segmental arteries at the hilum

A

Renal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In the renal sinus, branches to form this. Extending between the renal pyramids toward the corticomedullary junction.

A

Interlobar arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Travel in the arc along corticomedullary junction at the base of each renal pyramid

A

Arcuate artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Branch off at right angles from the arcuate arteries and enter the cortex

A

Interlobular arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

________,a microvascular vessel,that supplies blood to a tuft of capillaries called the ________.

A

Afferent arteriole, glomerulos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Blood leaves the glomerular capillaries via

A

Efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A capillary network that nourish cells of the proximal and distal tubules and carry away reabsorbed substances

A

Peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Small medullary vessels and their intervening capillary plexuses comprise this

A

Vasa recta; straight BVs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Found at the beginning of a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The glomerulus is surrounded by a double-walled epithelial capsule known as

A

Glomerular(Bowman’s) capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The layer of the capsule that envelops the glomerular capillaries closely

A

Visceral layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Layer that forms the outer surface of the capsule

A

Parietal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Normal GFR

A

125ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Between the two capsular layers, which receives the fluid filtered through the capillary wall and the visceral layer

A

Urinary/Capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Each renal corpuscle has _______, where the PCT begins.

A

Urinary/tubular pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lining epithelium of the parietal layer of glomerular capsule. And supported externally by _________ and a thin layer of __________

A

Simple squamous epithelium, basal lamina, reticular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Lining epithelium of the tubular pole

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The cells of parietal layer, _______, have a cell body from which arise several _________.

A

Podocytes, primary processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Each primary processes gives rise to numerous _________, that embrace a portion of one glomerular capillary.

A

Secondary (foot) processes or pedicels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Has a direct contact with the basement membrane unlike the cell bodies of the podocytes

A

Pedicels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The pedicels interdigitate, defining elongated spaces 30-40mm wide which doesn’t allow protein to pass

A

Filtration slits

42
Q

_________ are a Highly specialized type of intercellular junction in which the large transmembrane protein _______ is important both structurally and functionally.

A

Slit diaphragms, nephrins

43
Q

Interact to form a porous structure within the diaphragm

A

Nephrin

44
Q

Most substantial part of the filtration barrier separating the blood in the capillaries from the capsular space. Formed by the fusion of capillary & podocyte-produced basal laminae and is maintained by podocytes

A

Glomerular basement membrane

45
Q

Bind integrins of both the podocyte and endothelial cell membranes.

A

Laminin & fibronectin

46
Q

Help restrict the passage of cationic molecules

A

Type IV collagen

47
Q

Is a selective macromolecular barrier which acts as a physical filter and as a barrier against negatively charged molecules

A

GBM

48
Q

Indicator of many potential kidney disorder

A

Proteinuria

49
Q

Found in between afferent & efferent arterioles. This resembles pericytes in producing components of an enveloping external lamina. For physical support & contraction, phagocytosis and secretion.

A

Mesangial cells

50
Q

Simple cuboidal LE. A very tortuous tubule is longer than the DCT.

A

PCT

51
Q

What is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

60-65% of water is filtered, almost all ions, nutrients and vitamins

52
Q

Water and solutes from the PCT are transferred directly across the tubular wall and immediately taken up by the

A

peritubular capillaries

53
Q

The cells of the PCT have _________ cytoplasm because of the presence of numerous __________.

A

Acidophilic, mitochondria

54
Q

Cell apex has abundant long microvilli which form a prominent ________, for reabsorption.

A

Brush border

55
Q

A U-shaped structure with a descending and ascending limbs

A

Loop of Henle

56
Q

Lining epithelium of the Loop of Henle. Near the cortex, ___________ near the medulla, ________

A

Simple cuboidal, simple squamous

57
Q

Prime importance in the mechanism that allows the kidney to produce concentrated, hypertonic urine.

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

58
Q

Released from the pituitary when when body water is low

A

ADH

59
Q

The role of the nephron loop and vasa recta in establishing the conditions for urine concentration is called

A

Countercurrent multiplier effect

60
Q

LE of Distal convoluted tubules

A

Simple Cuboidal w/ no brush borders

61
Q

Regulates the rate of Na absorption & K secretion. From the adrenal glands and is important for the body’s water-salt balance

A

Aldosterone

62
Q

Components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

JG cells & macula densa

63
Q

A specialized structure that establish a feedback mechanism that allows the autoregulation of renal blood flow and keeps the GFR relatively constant

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

64
Q

Thickened spot of the distal tubule is called

A

Macula densa

65
Q

Smooth muscle cells develop a secretory phenotype with more rounded nuclei, rough ER, Golgi complexes and zymogen granules

A

JG cells

66
Q

Found at the vascular pole. Extraglomerular mesangial cells, which may also transmit signals from the macula densa into the glomerulus, affecting vasoconstriction there

A

Lacis cells

67
Q

Cleaves the plasma protein angiotensiogen into angiotensin I

A

Renin

68
Q

A potent vasoconstrictor which directly raises systemic BP and stimulates the adrenal to secrete ________.

A

Angiotensin II, Aldosterone

69
Q

Urine passes thru the DCT to ____, the last part of each nephron, which join together to form larger, straight ______ that runs to the tips of the medullary pyramids and empty into the ________.

A

Collecting tubule, collecting duct, minor calyces

70
Q

LE of collecting tube

A

Cuboidal epithelium

71
Q

LE of collecting duct

A

Simple columnar

72
Q

Weakly staining cells. Few organelles and scanty microvilli. For ion transport.

A

Principal cells

73
Q

Darker in staining. More abundant mitochindria which help regulate the acid-base balance by secreting H amd absorbing HCO3

A

Intercalated cells

74
Q

In the medulla, this is a major component of the urine-concentrating mechanism

A

Collecting ducts

75
Q

Integral proteins found in most cell membranes that function as selective pores for passage of water molecules

A

Aquaporins

76
Q

Makes collecting ducts more permeable to water

A

ADH

77
Q

Urine is transported by

A

Ureters

78
Q

For temporary urine storage

A

Urinary bladder

79
Q

Urine is excreted thru

A

Urethra

80
Q

LE of calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder

A

Urothelium/stratified transitional epithelium

81
Q

The only part of the urinary system that do not possess a submucosa

A

Ureters

82
Q

Three layers of the Uroepithelium

A
  • single layer of small basal cells
  • intermediate region
  • umbrella cells
83
Q

A superficial layer of very large, polyhedral or bulbous cells w/c are occasionally bi or multinucleated and are highly differentiated to protect underlying cells against cytotoxic effects of hypertonic urine

A

Umbrella cells

84
Q

Umbrella cells are well developed in what site?

A

Bladder

85
Q

Most of the apical surface consists of _________, in which regions of the outer lipid layer appears twice as thick as the inner leaflet. These region are lipid rafts containing mostly integral membrane proteins called ______ w/c assemble into paracrystalline arrays of stiffened plaques 6nm in diameter.

A

Asymmetric unit membrane, Uroplakins

86
Q

The bladders _______ and _______ of the submucosa are highly vascularized

A

Lamina propia, DICT

87
Q

The muscularis consists of three poorly delineate layers, collectively called as _______. This contract to empty the bladder.

A

Detrusor muscle

88
Q

A tube that carries the urine from the bladder to the exterior

A

Urethra

89
Q

The urethral mucosa has a _________, giving it a distinctive appearance in cross section.

A

Large longitudinal folds

90
Q

Three segments of the male urethra

A

Prostatic, membranous & spongy/penile urethras

91
Q

3-4cm long, extends through the prostate gland and is lined by _______.

A

Prostatic urethra, urothelium

92
Q

Shortest segment of the male urethra, passes through an internal sphincter of striated muscle and is lined by ______ & ______ epithelium

A

Membranous urethra, stratified columnar & Pseudostratified

93
Q

A sagittal section of a renal papilla shows numerous collecting ducts(sometimes called as ______ at this level of the pyramid) converging at the end of the renal papilla where they empty into the minor calyx

A

Ducts of Bellini

94
Q

15cm in length, enclosed within erectile tissue of the penis and is lined by _______, with _______distally.

A

Penile/spongy urethra, Pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous epithelium

95
Q

In women, it is exclusively a urinary organ. A tube 4 to 5 cm long, lined initially with _______, then by ________ and some areas of _________.

A

Urethra, transitional, stratified squamous, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

96
Q

The middle part of the female urethra is surrounded by the

A

External striated muscle sphincter

97
Q

A muscular sac that is expandable as it fills with urine. Thickest layer of smooth muscle

A

Urinary bladder

98
Q

When bladder is empty, how many layers does it contain?

A

3-5 layers

99
Q

When bladder is full, how many layes does it contain?

A

1-2

100
Q

Bladder capacity

A

500-800mL

101
Q

Paraurethral gland is AKA

A

Littre gland

102
Q

Maximum volume of urine that you start to feel the urge

A

150mL

Histology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions