Repro: Female Flashcards
0
Q
Function of Female RS: produce female _______. (________)
A
Gametes. Oocytes.
1
Q
Consist of two ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and external genitalia.
A
Female Reproductive System
2
Q
Function of Female RS: Provide environment for ________.
A
Fertilization
3
Q
Function of Female RS: Hold _______ during complete development through fetal stage until birth.
A
Embryo
4
Q
Function of Female RS: Produces ___________ hormones.
A
Steroidal sex
5
Q
Function of Female RS: For _______ to reach ovum.
A
Sperm
6
Q
Function of Female RS: Canal for release of _________ & ______ canal.
A
Menstruation. Birth.
7
Q
Control organs of Reproductive System.
A
Steroidal sex hormones
8
Q
First menstruation. System starts to undergo cyclic changes in structure or functional activity.
A
Menarche
9
Q
Menarche modifications controlled by
A
Neuronal hormones
10
Q
Cyclic changes become irregular and eventually disappear
A
Menopause
11
Q
There is slow involution of reproductive organs, including mammary glands.
A
Post menopausal period
12
Q
Almond shape bodies. Storage of primary oocyte. Covered by _________, part of mesothelium. Consists cortex and medulla. Endocrine & Cytogenic properties.
A
Ovaries. Germinal epithelium.
13
Q
Measurement of ovaries: _____ long, ____ wide & ____ thick.
A
3.5, 1.5 & 1
14
Q
Endocrine property of Ovaries
A
Estrogen & Progesterone
15
Q
Cytogenic property of Ovaries
A
Oocytes
16
Q
Germinal epithelium LE is ________. Continuous with the _______. Overlies the tunica albuginea.
A
Simple cuboidal. Mesothelium.
17
Q
Lining epithelium of the Mesothelium
A
Simple squamous
18
Q
Main cell of the ovarian follicle
A
Oocyte
19
Q
Surrounding cells at the ovarian follicle
A
Follicular cell
20
Q
Thick layer of Dense connective tissue capsule. Responsible for the whitish color of the ovary.
A
Tunica Albuginea
21
Q
Ovarian cortex: Outer. Filled with a highly cellular ________ and many __________ plus characteristic epithelial structure of ovary.
A
CT Stroma. Ovarian Follicles.
22
Q
Ovarian medulla: most ________ part. Neurovascular structures. Contain ______ and blood vessels entering the organ through the hilum from mesenteries suspending the ovary.
A
Internal. LC.
23
Q
Morphologically similar to Leydig cells in the Ovarian medulla
A
Hilar cells
24
Early dev't of Ovary: Migrates from yolk sac to the gonadal primordia in first month of embryonic life. Divide and differentiate as ________. 2nd month embryo ________ and 5th month embryo ______.
Primordial germ cells. Oogonia. 600 000 oogonia. 7M.
25
Early dev't of Ovary: during ________. Oogonia begin to enter _______ of ___________ division but arrest after completing synapsis & recombination w/o progressing to later stages of meiosis.
3rd month. Prophase. 1st meiotic division.
26
Cells that are arrested during Prophase I which are surrounded by Follicular cells. Within ovarian follicle.
Primary Oocytes
27
Flattened supportive cells
Follicular cells
28
During _______, Oogonia- Primary oocyte within follicles. Primary oocyte undergoes atresia.
7th month
29
Slow continuous degenerative process
Atresia
30
300 000 oocytes only reach full maturity when fertilization occurs.
Puberty
31
Only _________ resumes meiosis w/ ovulation during each menstrual cycle.
One oocyte
32
Reproductive life of woman: _______ years. Only _____ oocytes are liberated from ovaries by ovulation. Others degenerate by atresia.
30-40 years. 450 oocytes.
33
Consist of an oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of epithelial cells. Surrounded by ________.
Ovarian follicles. Ovarian Stroma.
34
Follicles formed during fetal life. Consist of a primary oocyte enveloped by a single layer of flattened follicular cells. Found in the superficial areas of the cortex. Surrounded by basal lamina.
Primordial follicles
35
Spindle shaped cells, SM, Collagen fibers & Fibroblast.
Ovarian stroma
36
Spherical cell w/ nucleus & mostly uncoiled chromosomes in 1st meiotic prophase
Oocyte
37
In Oocyte: ______ concentrated near nucleus.
Organelles
38
In Oocyte: Includes numerous ________. Several ________. Extensive _________. Prominent nucleoli.
Mitochondria. Golgi complexes. ER cisternae.
39
Clear boundary between follicle and vascularized stroma.
Basal Lamina
40
Begins in puberty w/ release of ____ from pituitary. Involves in growth of oocyte. Proliferation & differentiation of stromal _______. Selection of either primordial & dominant follicle.
Folliculogenesis/Follicular growth. FSH. Fibroblasts.
41
In Folliculogenesis: undergo growth & recruitment
Primordial follicles
42
In Folliculogenesis: ovulates
Dominant follicle
43
In Folliculogenesis: Selection of complex _______ balances. Differences among follicles in FSH receptor numbers, ______ activity and estrogen synthesis.
Hormonal. Aromatase.
44
Grows more rapidly during 1st part of follicular development. Prompted by ____. Max diameter ____.
Oocyte. FSH. 120um.
45
In Oocyte: This enlarges.
Nucleus
46
In Oocyte: become more numerous & uniformly distributed.
Mitochondria
47
In Oocyte: more extensive.
ER
48
In Oocyte: enlarge and move peripherally
Golgi complexes
49
Separated to stroma by a thin basal lamina
Granulosa cell
50
Undergo mitosis. Forms a simple cuboidal epithelium around the growing oocyte. Now known as ___________. Continue to proliferate forms Granulosa cells communicate through gap junctions.
Follicular cells. Unilaminar/Primary follicle.
51
Single layer of cuboidal epithelium
Primary follicle
52
Lining Epithelium of Granulosa
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
53
Cells known as Granulosa cells. Follicle is multilayered primary follicle. Still surrounded by basement membrane. 2 layers of granulosa cells. Fine chromatin. Prominent nucleoli & cannot see nucleus.
Growing/Multilaminar follicle
54
Granulosa cells produces
Estrogen
55
Layer of extracellular material between oocyte & granulosa cells. Consists of 4 ___________ by oocyte. Thick layer of glycoprotein & proteoglycan.
Zona pellucida. Glycoprotein. Proteoglycan.
56
Zona pellucida components: bind proteins on the surfaces of the sperm. Induce acrosomal activation.
ZP 1-4
57
Zona pellucida is penetrated by ___________, microvilli of oocyte. Allows communication by cells between gap junctions.
Filopodia of follicular cells
58
Stratification of cuboidal granulosa cells
Zona Granulosa
59
_______ grow with increasing oocyte size & numbers of granulosa cells and move deeper in the __________.
Follicles. Ovarian cortex.
60
Small spaces develop within granulosa layer. Cells secrete _____________ which accumulates in the spaces.
Follicular fluid/Liquor Folliculi
61
In zona granulosa: ________ reorganize in a larger cavity. ________ is for spaces or cavity formation. Follicles not known as _________.
Granulosa cells. Antrum. Secondary Antral follicles.
62
Contains hyaluronate, growth factors, plasminogen, fibrinogen and anticoding heparan SO4 & proteoglycan. And it joins to produce cavities known as _________.
Follicular fluid. Graafian follicle.
63
High concentration of steroids with binding protein
Progesterone, Androstenadione & Estrogens"PAE"
64
Part of Zona Granulosa: During reorganization, some cells form a small hilock, __________. Surrounds oocyte. Protrude into the antrum.
Cumulus oophorus
65
Around Zona Pellucida: cells immediately surround and linked to the oocyte. Accompany the oocyte when it leaves the ovary.
Corona radiata
66
Stromal cells that immediately around the follicle
Follicular Theca/Theca Folliculi
67
Well vascularized endocrine tissue
Theca interna
68
More fibrous. Contains smooth muscle & fibroblast. Located at the outer part.
Theca externa
69
Steroid-producing endocrine w/ abundant smooth ER, mitochondria with tubular cristae . Numerous lipid droplets. Secrete androstenadione.
Cells of Theca Interna
70
Transform steroid to estradiol
Aromatase
71
Steroid hormone. Under the influence of _____. Synthesize aromatase. Absorbed in ________.
Androstenedione. FSH. Zona granulosa.
72
Wall like formation of granulosa cell
Granulosalimitans externa
73
Antrum increases greatly in size, accumulating follicular fluid. Oocyte adheres to wall of the follicle through cumulus oophorus of granulosa cells granulosa cell layer becomes thinner. Very thick thecal layers. FSH starts to decrease, inc estrogen.
Mature/Preovulatory/Graafian Follicle
74
Degenerative process. Follicular cells & oocytes die & are disposed of by phagocytic cells. Exhibited by follicles at any stage of development involves apoptosis, detachment of granulosa cells, autolysis of oocyte and collapse of zona pellucida.
Follicular Atresia
75
Invade degenerating follicle & phagocytose debris
Macrophage
76
Occupy the area of the follicle. Produce a collagen scar.
Fibroblast
77
Primordial to mature follicle. Takes place from before borth until a few years after menopause. Most prominent just __________. Maternal hormones decline rapidly during both puberty and pregnancy.
1st meiotic division
78
Occurs midway through menstrual cycle (_____ day)
Ovulation. 14th
79
Whitish or translucent bulging developed from the large mature follicle bulging against the tunica albuginea. Compactiom of the tissue has blocked blood flow.
Stigma
80
Begin to secrete progesterone and estrogen
Granulosa cells & Theca interna
81
Stimulus of Ovulation: ________ from anterior pituitary in response to rising levels of estrogen produced by the _____________.
LH surge. Mature dominant follicle
82
Stimulates hyaluronate & prostaglandin synthesis and fluid production. Within preovulatory follicle.
LH
83
Protesterone, LH & FSH activate proteolytic enzymes (________ & _______) within and around the follicle.
Plasmin. Collagenases.
84
Progesterone, LH & FSH weaken ________, ________ & _________. Which then leads to the ballooning and rupture of ovarian surface at ________.
Granulosa layer, Cumulus Oophorus & Tunica Albuginea. Stigma.
85
Cause contraction of theca externa smooth muscle through the opening @ stigma.
Prostaglandin
86
Prostaglandin causes the expulsion of
Cells of cumulus, Corona radiata, Oocyte & Follicular fluid " CCOF"
87
Before ovulation: _______ completes first meiotic division. Began and arrested at _________, nuclear and cytoplasmic division. Chromosomes divide into secondary and first polar body.
Oocyte. Prophase.
88
Nuclear is ________ and Cytoplasmic is ________.
Equal. Unequal.
89
Division of chromosome that is released from ovary. Retains almost all of the cytoplasm. Haploid.
Secondary oocyte
90
Division of chromosome that is nonviable cell of a nucleus and a minimal amount of cytoplasm. Haploid.
First polar body
91
Formed after expulsion of first polar body. Oocyte begins ____ meiotic division. Arrests at _________.
Haploid. 2nd. Metaphase.
92
Adheres loosely to the ovary surface because of ________ which is rich coagulating follicular fluid.
Ovulated secondary oocyte. Hyaluronate.
93
Secondary oocyte if not fertilized within _______ degenerate.
24th day
94
A large temporary endocrine gland formed by the granulosa cells and theca interna change under influence of ____. Cells specialized for the production of steroid ________.
Corpus Luteum. LH. Progesterone.
95
Increase in size w/o dividing. Comprise 80% of parenchyma.
Granulosa cells
96
Large pale staining cells which secrete progesterone & estrogen. Lost features of protein-secreting cells. Expanded role in aromatase conversion.
Granulosa Lutein cells
97
Transient stage. Collapsing of blood vessels.
Corpus Hemorrhagicum (Corpus body)
98
Form the former theca interna. Secrete estrogen. Smaller than granulosa lutei cells. Stain darkly. Cytoplasmic ultrastructural features of steroid-synthesizing cells. Acred by LH. Aggregated in the folds of corpus luteum.
Theca Lutein cells
99
Produce large amounts of progesterone and androstenedione.
LH
100
After LH surge, _________ programmed to secrete progesterone for _____ days.
Corpus Luteum. 10-12 days.
101
Withou LH stimulation & pregnancy, both cells cease steroid production & undergo _________. Tissue regresses.
Apoptosis
102
Shedding of the part of the uterine mucosa
Menstruation
103
Menstruation brought about by decrease secretion of
Progesterone
104
Inhibits FSH release from pituitary
Estrogen
105
Produce estrogen
Corpus luteum
106
Maintain & Strengthen endometrium
Progesterone
107
Simultaneous with ovarian cycle
Endometrial cycle
108
Persists for part of only one menstrual cycle. Remnants phagocytosed by ________. _______ produce a scar of dense of connective tissue.
Corpus Luteum of the menstrual cycle. Macrophage. Fibroblast.
109
Fibroblast produce a scar of dense connective tissue. Atretic/scar follicle.
Corpus Albicans
110
Glycoprotein hormone. Produced by __________ in the implanting embryo. Actions similar to LH. Stimulate secretion of progesterone. Targets corpus luteum to maintain it. Promotes further growth of this endocrine gland.
HCG. Trophoblast cells.
111
Maintain uterine mucosa. Stimulate secretion on uterine mucosal glands for embryonic nutrition before placenta is functional.
Progesterone
112
Maintained by HCG for _______. Degenerates and replaced by an end part known as ________.
Corpus luteum in pregnancy. 4-5months. Corpus albicans.
113
Produces own progesterone and estrogen to maintain uterine mucosa
Placenta
114
Ate genital ducts. Two mobile muscular tubes.
Uterine/Oviducts/Fallopian tubes
115
Length of the uterine tube
12cm
116
Funnel shaped end which opens to peritoneal cavity.
Infundibulum
117
Fringe of finger like extensions. Oppose surface of ovary.
Fimbrae
118
Longest & expanded area where fertilization normally occurs
Ampulla
119
Narrow region. Folds are almost lost. Near uterus.
Isthmus
120
Passes through the walls of uterus. Opens into inferior of the uterus.
Interstitial/Uterine/Intramural part
121
Completed oogenesis
Mature/Defitive oocyte
122
Three layers of the ovary
Folded mucosa, Thick muscularis and Thin serosa
123
Layer of the uterine tube that is covered by visceral peritoneum w/ _________.
Thin serosa. Mesothelium.
124
Layer of the uterine tube that is interwoven circular & outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
Thick muscularis
125
Mucosa of the uterine tube has numerous branching. Longitudinal folds are most prominent in _________. Becomes smaller in segments of tubes closer to uterus. Not present in _________ portion.m
Ampulla. Intramural.
126
Lining epithelium of the uterine tube
Simple columnar epithelium ciliated
127
Lamina propia of uterine tube
LCT
128
Epithelium of the uterine tube has ____ cells.
Three
129
Uterine tube cells: Short. Lumen is towards uterus.
Ciliated cells
130
Uterine tube cells: darker staining. Slightly taller. Apical ends bulge into lumen.
Peg/Secretory cells
131
Uterine tube cells: reserve cells of tubal epithelium. Shortest.
Intercalated cells
132
Bent toward the uterus. Cause movement of viscous liquid film. Covers epithelial surface. Contains glycoproteins & nutritive components produced by _________.
Cilia. Secretory cells.
133
Triggered by ________. Cilia elongates.
Estrogen
134
Both Tubal cells undergo hypertrophy during
Follicular growth phase
135
Tubal cells both undergo atrophy during
Late Luteal phase
136
Moves close to ovary. Partially covers ovarian surface. Favors transport of ovulated secondary oocyte.
Infundibulum
137
_______ cause uterine tube muscular contraction. _______ for the ciliary activity. Oocyte then enters ________ and moves to ampulla.
Fimbrae. Epithelium. Infundibulum.
138
Maximum viability of oocyte
24 hours
139
Sperm activation
Capacitation
140
Sperm release enzyme for it to penetrate.
Acrosome reaction
141
Occurring in ampulla. Fusion of haploid sperm & egg. Reconstitution of diploid number of chromosomes. Triggers oocyte to complete 2nd meiotic division.
Fertilization.
142
Formation of ovum. 2nd polar body.
2nd meiotic division
143
Still present but gradually detaches. Forms a diploid cell: zygote. Which is transported to uterus.
Corona radiata
144
Fertilization transport process occurs normally in women w/ ____________.
Immotile cilia syndrome
145
If uterine tube is blocked: ________ cannot reach uterus. Implants itself in oviduct wall. __________ acts as uterine endometrium. Forms _______.
Embryo. LP. Decidual cells.
146
Implantation of the embryo outside the uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
147
Pear shaped. Thick muscular walls. Cell mass, inner is fetus and oiter is trophoblast. Morula enters and implants here.
Uterus
148
Uterine part: largest. Entered by oviducts.
Body
149
Uterine part: superior area between the tubes. Curved area.
Fundus
150
Uterine part: narrowed part. Lumen. Internal OS. Only part to go back to its pre pregnant form.
Isthmus
151
Uterine part: end. A lower cylindrical structure. Lumen, cervical canal.
Cervix
152
Three layers of the uterus
Endometrium, Myometrium & Perimetrium
153
Tunica serosa. Outer CT layer. Continuous w/ ligaments. Adventitia in some areas. Largely a serosa covered by a ________.
Perimetrium. Mesothelium.
154
Lining epithelium of perimetrium
Simple squamous epithelium
155
Thick tunic of highly vascular smooth muscle. Thickest. Composed of bundles of smooth muscle fibers seprated by CT & many blood vessels. Form 4 interwoven, poorly defined layers.
Myometrium
156
Four interwoven layers of myometrium: composed mainly of fibers parallel to the long axis of the organ.
1st & 4th
157
Four interwoven layers of myometrium: circularly disposed. Contains large blood vessels.
Middle layers
158
Myometrium: during pregnancy undergoes both _______ & _______. 8M cells actively synthesize _______ that strengthens uterine wall.
Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia. Collagen.
159
Myometrium: After pregnancy, ___ shrink, undergo ______. Removal of unneeded collagen.
SM. Apoptosis.
160
Layer of myometrium: circular SM
Stratum Supravasculare
161
Layer of myometrium: blood supply is concentrated. Longitudinal & Circular SM.
Stratum Vasculare
162
Layer of myometrium: Longitudinal SM only
Stratum Subvasculare
163
Tunica mucosa where zygote is implanted. Lamina propia contains ______ collagen fibers, abundant fibroblast and ground substance. LE is _________ which has both ciliated secretory cells which forms the uterine glands which penetrate its full thickness.
Endometrium. Type III Collagen. Simple columnar.
164
2 zones of endometrium: unchanged on menstrual cycle. Adjacent to myometrium. Contains highly cellular LP & deep basal ends of uterine glands.
Basal layer
165
2 zones of endometrium: changes. Superficial. Contains more spongy and less cellular LP. Richer in ground substances.
Functional layer
166
In menstrual cycle, control growth & differentiation of epithelial cells & associated CT.
Progesterone & Estrogen
167
Menstrual cycle duration average
28 days
168
Day when menstrual bleeding appears
Day one
169
Menstrual period lasts _______ on average.
3-4 days
170
Fertilization of oocyte & embryonic implantation does not occur. Corpus luteum regresses. Self limiting.
Menstrual period
171
For repair of endometrium
Estrogen
172
In Menstrual Cycle, Circulating levels of progesterone and estrogen begins to decrease ______ days after ovulation. Leads to _______.
8-10 days. Menstruation.
173
Drop off in Progesterone produces: _______ of muscle contraction i. Small spiral arteries of Functional layer.
Spasm
174
Drop off in Progesterone produces: Increase synthesis by _______ of prostaglandin.
Arterial cells
175
Produces strong vasoconstriction. Local hypoxia.
Prostaglandin
176
Hypoxic cells. Increase vascular permeability immigration of leukocytes.
Cytokines
177
Leukocytes release ________ & _____. Degrades basement membrane & ECM components.
Collagenas. Matrix Metalloproteins (MMP)
178
Not dependent on progesterone sensitive spiral arteries, basal Layer of ________.
Basement membrane. Endometrium.
179
Major portions of Functional layer including
Surface epithelium, Stroma & Blood-filled lacuna "SSB"
180
Blood filled lacuna detaches from ________. Slough away as _________. Menses.
Endometrium. Menstrual flow.
181
Limits blood loss
Arterial constriction
182
At end of menstrual phase: Endometrium reduced to a _____ layer. Ready to begin a new cycle. Cells begin dividing to reconstitute _______.
Thin. Mucosa.
183
3 line endometrium. Variable in length, ______ days average. Uterine mucosa is _____.
Proliferative phase. 8-10 days. Thin.
184
Beginning. Rapid growth of ovarian follicles undergoing transition from preantral to antral follicles. Developed _________ which has follicles actively secreting estrogens.
Follicular/Estrogenic phase. Theca interna.
185
Functional layer of the uterus during follicular phase
Stratum functionalis
186
Act on endometrium. Induce cell proliferation. Reconstitute functional layer lost during menstruation.
Estrogen
187
Endometrial lining of the uterus in proliferative phase
Simple columnar
188
Straight tubules with narrow nearly empty lumens.
Uterine glands
189
Cells of the uterine glands in proliferative phase: accumulate _______ of RER & larger golgi complexes in preparation for secretory activity.
Cisternae
190
Lengthens as functional layer is reestablished and grows.
Spiral arteries
191
At the end of the proliferative phase, endometrium is _______ thick.
2-3 mm
192
Lining epithelium of the uterus during proliferative phase
Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated
193
Lamina propia of the endometrium during proliferative phase contains ____________ which are simple tubular glands.
Endometrial glands
194
Uterine layer during Proliferative Phase: stroma and cells are more dense
Zona compacta
195
Uterine layer during Proliferative Phase: cells are loosely arranged. Less compact & dense.
Stratum spongiosa
196
Uterine layer during Proliferative Phase: contains blood vessels
Stratum basale
197
Simultaneous with luteal phase. Maximal thickness. Starts as a result of _______ secreted by corpus luteum.
Secretory phase. Progesterone.
198
Morphology of the endometrium during the secretory phase
Simple branched tubular glands
199
Stimulates epithelial cells of uterine glands to accumulate glycogen. Cell undergo _______ secretion. Glandular lumen ______.
Progesterone. Apocrine. Dilates.
200
In Secretory phase: glands become highly ______. Superficial microvasculature includes thin-walled, ___________.
Coiled. Blood filled lacuna.
201
In Secretory phase: _________ reaches maximum thickness. Accumulation of secretions. Edema in stroma. If ________ had taken place, secretory activity are optimal for embryo implantation and nutrition.
Endometrium. Fertilization.
202
In Secretory phase: major source for embryogenic nutrition before and during implantation.
Uterine gland secretion
203
In Secretory phase: it inhibits strong contractions of the myometrium that might interfere with implantation.
Progesterone
204
Viable cells of endometrium, displaced during menstruation, reflux into one or both uterine tubes, move upward and grow outside the uterus rather than undergoing vaginal discharge.
Endometrius
205
Endometrius is under the influence of _______. _______ function grows and degenerates monthly without effective removal. Leads to pain, inflammation, cyst, adhesions, scar and infertility.
Estrogen. Ectopic.
206
Embryonic implantation mainly of
Decidua & Placenta
207
Embryonic implantation: ________ is fertilized in the ampulla of uterine tube. Resulting _______ undergoes mitotic cleavages as it is moved passively toward the uterus.
Oocyte. Zygote.
208
Embryonic implantation: Embryo remains within the covering of the
Zona pellucida
209
Embryonic implantation: becomes smaller with each division . Cells that result from segmentation of zygote.
Blastomere
210
Embryonic implantation: compact aggregate of blastomeres
Morula
211
Embryonic implantation: embryo reaches uterus ______ days after fertilization. Loses zona pellucida.
4-5 days
212
Embryonic implantation: a cavity. Develops in center of morula.
Blastocyst
213
Embryonic implantation: peripheral arrangement of blastomeres around the cavity
Trophoblast
214
Embryonic implantation: collection of cells inside the trophoblast
Embryoblast/Inner cell mass
215
Blastocyst attaches to the surface epithelial cells of the late secretory phase endometrium.
Implantation/Nidation
216
In Implantation: proteolytic penetration of blastocyst from epithelium into underlying stroma occurs in ______. Driven by ______. Cells of embryoblast rearrange as two new cavities.
3 days. Trophoblast.
217
In Implantation: makes contact with epiblast
Amnion
218
In Implantation: makes contact with hypoblast
Yolk sac
219
Parts of the embryo develop from this. Composed of two cavities which are epiblast and hypoblast.
Bilaminar Embryonic disc
220
In Implantation: trophoblast differentiates to these which contributes to embryonic portion of placenta.
Cytotrophoblast & Syncytiotrophoblast
221
More superficial. An invasive, multinucleated mass.
Syncytiotrophoblast
222
In Implantation: ___ day after ovulation, embryo is totally implanted in the endometrium. Nutrient derived from blood & secretion.
9th
223
In Implantation: Prevent adverse reaction of uterus to the implanted embryo
Cytokines
224
What releases cytokines (anti inflammatory)
Trophoblast cells
225
In Implantation: goes through profound changes
Endometrial stroma
226
In Implantation: _______ enlarged & polygonal. More active in protein synthesis. Now called as ________.
Fibroblast. Decidual cells.
227
In Implantation: endometrium now referred as
Decidua
228
Layer of Decidua: between embryo and myometrium
Decidua basalis
229
Layer of Decidua: between embryo and lumen of the uterus
Decidua capsularis
230
Layer of Decidua: remainder of the decidua
Decidua parietalis
231
Site of nutrient, waste, 02 & C02 exchanges between choriona nd maternal part. Contains tissues from both individual.
Placenta
232
Embryonic part derived from former trophoblast
Chorion
233
From decidua basalis
Maternal part
234
Chorion and maternal part form this. Project into blood filled lacuna of decidua. Provides larger surface for nutrient and O2 absorption. Invaded by __________. Continuous with wide capillaries by end of ______ of pregnancy. Suspended in the pools of maternal blood. Have enormous area for metabolic exchange.
Chorionic villi. Embryonic mesenchyme. 3rd week.
235
In placenta: diffusion occurs in
Trophoblast layer, CT of villi & Capillary endothelium "TCC"
236
An endocrine organ which produces HCG, chorionic thyrotropin, chorionic corticotropin, estrogen and progesterone.
Placenta
237
Initial attachment of embryo occurs on _________ walls of embryo. Sometimes attaches to _______. _______ between fetus and vagina.
Ventral/dorsal. Internal OS. Placenta.
238
Obstruction in the passage of fetus @ parturition
CS delivery & Placenta previa
239
Embryo sometimes attaches to epithelium of _________. Zygote enters ___________ attaches to peritoneum and develops.
Uterine tube. Abdominal cavity.
240
Lower and more cylindrical part of the uterus. Differ in histologic structure.
Uterine cervix
241
Lining epithelium of uterine cervix
Simple columnar epithelium
242
Lamina propia of uterine cervix
Thick
243
Region wherein endocervical canal opens into the vagina. Bulges into upper vagina. Covered by __________.
External. Exocervical mucosa.
244
Lining epithelium of exocervical mucosa
Stratified squamous epithelium
245
Simple columnar undergoes abrupt transition to stratified squamous
Transformation zone - Distinct zone
246
Little SM. Consist mainly of DCT.
Middle layer of uterine cervix
247
In uterine cervix: mucosa contains _________ which produces mucus. Does not _______ during menstruation.
Cervical glands. Desquamate.
248
In uterine cervix: time of ovulation, _______ secretions are maximal, watery and facilitate movement through uterus by sperm.
Mucus
249
In uterine cervix: during _________. Increase in ________. Mucous secretion becomes viscous and hinder passage of both sperm and microorganisms into the body of uterus.
Luteal phase. Progesterone.
250
In uterine cervix: during pregnancy, _________ proliferate. Secrete abundant highly viscous mucus. Forms a ______ in endocervical canal.
Cervical glands. Plug.
251
Derived from stratified squamous epithelium
Cervical carcinoma
252
Wall lacks glands. 3 layers are muscular layer, mucosa and adventitia.
Vagina
253
Vagina is covered by ________ which is produced by ________.
Mucus. Uterine cervix.
254
Small glands. Provides additional lubricating mucus during intercourse. Opens into vestibule.
Vestibular glands
255
Space enclosed within labia minora. Also contains vaginal orifice, urethra and ante erectile function of clitoris. Covered by __________.
Vestibule. External genitalia.
256
Lining epithelium of external genitalia
Stratified squamous
257
Epithelium of external genitalia contains small amount of _______. Does not undergo _______. When stimulated by ________, cells synthesize and accumulate ________.
Keratohyaline. Keratinization. Estrogen. Glycogen.
258
Bacteria metabolize glycogen to Lactic acid. Low pH in vagina. Protection against pathogenic microorganism.
Desquamate
259
Lamina propia of the vagina: rich in _________ & numerous narrow ________ projecting into epithelial cell layer.
Elastic fibers. Papillae.
260
CT of vagina: contains ________ & ________.
Lymphocytes and Neutrophils.
261
Mucosa of the vagina has few
Sensory nerve endings
262
Muscular layer of the vagina composed of two indistinct lauers of SM. _______ bundle next to mucosa. Thicker _______ bundle next to adventitial layer.
Circular. Longitudinal.
263
Makes vaginal wall strong and elastic
Elastic fiber
264
Outer layer contains extensive venous plexus, lymphatics and nerves.
DCT of Adventitia
265
Develop embryologically as invaginations of surface ________ along 2 ventral lines, the milk lines, from axilla to groin.
Mammary gland. Ectoderm.
266
Mammary gland consists of lobes of ____________ type in whichf unction is to secrete milk.
Compound tubuloalveolar
267
Breast dev't during Puberty: only composition of male and female mammary gland before puberty. Near the nipple. Small branching duct emerges.
Lactiferous sinus
268
Breast dev't during Puberty: Increase in circulating estrogen, breast ______ in size, _______ accumulation in CT, Increase growth and branching of duct system and _______ enlarges.
Increase. Adipocyte. Nipple.
269
Breast dev't during Puberty: lobules contained in the parenchymal structure of non pregnant adult women's breast. Embedded in ___________ connective tissue. ________ CT separates the lobes.
Terminal Duct Lobular Units. Loose vascular. Dense cellular.
270
Breast dev't during Puberty: Lining epithelium of Lactiferous sinus
Stratified cuboidal
271
Breast dev't during Puberty: Lining epithelium of Lactiferous & Terminal ducts
Simple cuboidal covered by loosely packed myoepithelial cells
272
Skin covering the nipple. Thin skin with _______ gland. Epithelium continuous w/ lactiferous sinus. Contains more melanin. Skin is supplied with sensory nerve ending.
Areola. Sebaceous.
273
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Estrogen, Progesterone, Prolactin & HPL. Results in proliferation of secretory alveoli at ends of _________.
Intralobular ducts
274
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: cuboidal epithelium with ________ myoepithelial cells between secretory cells and basal lamina.
Alveoli
275
Shape of alveoli
Spherical
276
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: grow & develop during pregnancy in preparation for lactation. _______ becomes less prominent.
Alveoli & ducts. Stroma.
277
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: _____ in lobule is infiltrated in lymphocytes and _______.
LCT. Plasma cells.
278
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Plasma cells are more numerous and produce
Immunoglobulins (secretory IgA)
279
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: accumulates late pregnancy. Causes dilatation of glandular alveoli and ducts. Rich in protein, ______ and electrolytes.
Colostrum. Vit. A.
280
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: colostrum is produced under influence of _________.
Prolactin
281
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Igs produced by ________ are transferred to colostrum. ________ immunity ( _______ ) Breastfeeding.
Plasma cells. Passive. Acquired.
282
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: type of secretion. Proteins- golgi- packaged into secreting vesicles- exocytosis.
Merocrine secretion
283
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: type of secretion. Lipid droplets- pass out the cells- lumen.
Apocrine secretion
284
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Proteins in human milk (____%) digested as source of AA by infant.
1.5%. Caseins, B lactoglobulin & Gamma lactoglobulin.
285
Caseins aggregate as
Micelles
286
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Lipids (____%)
4%
287
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Sugar. Lactose (___%) major source of energy. Synthesize in _______. Draws water. Adds to milk volume.
7-8%. Golgi.
288
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Causes contraction of Lactiferous sinuses and ducts & myoepithelial cells of alveoli.
Oxytocin
289
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: initiated by negative emotion, frustration, anxiety and anger.
Milk ejection reflex
290
Postlactational Regression in MG: when breastfeeding stops, secretory ______ degenerates. Apoptosis. Sloughing of whole cells. Dead cells and debris removed by ________.
Alveoli. Macrophage.
291
Postlactational Regression in MG: _____ system inactivates.
Duct
292
Postlactational Regression in MG: alveoli and ducts reduce further in size. Loss of fibroblast, collagen in stroma and elastic fiber.
Menopause
