Repro: Female Flashcards
Function of Female RS: produce female _______. (________)
Gametes. Oocytes.
Consist of two ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and external genitalia.
Female Reproductive System
Function of Female RS: Provide environment for ________.
Fertilization
Function of Female RS: Hold _______ during complete development through fetal stage until birth.
Embryo
Function of Female RS: Produces ___________ hormones.
Steroidal sex
Function of Female RS: For _______ to reach ovum.
Sperm
Function of Female RS: Canal for release of _________ & ______ canal.
Menstruation. Birth.
Control organs of Reproductive System.
Steroidal sex hormones
First menstruation. System starts to undergo cyclic changes in structure or functional activity.
Menarche
Menarche modifications controlled by
Neuronal hormones
Cyclic changes become irregular and eventually disappear
Menopause
There is slow involution of reproductive organs, including mammary glands.
Post menopausal period
Almond shape bodies. Storage of primary oocyte. Covered by _________, part of mesothelium. Consists cortex and medulla. Endocrine & Cytogenic properties.
Ovaries. Germinal epithelium.
Measurement of ovaries: _____ long, ____ wide & ____ thick.
3.5, 1.5 & 1
Endocrine property of Ovaries
Estrogen & Progesterone
Cytogenic property of Ovaries
Oocytes
Germinal epithelium LE is ________. Continuous with the _______. Overlies the tunica albuginea.
Simple cuboidal. Mesothelium.
Lining epithelium of the Mesothelium
Simple squamous
Main cell of the ovarian follicle
Oocyte
Surrounding cells at the ovarian follicle
Follicular cell
Thick layer of Dense connective tissue capsule. Responsible for the whitish color of the ovary.
Tunica Albuginea
Ovarian cortex: Outer. Filled with a highly cellular ________ and many __________ plus characteristic epithelial structure of ovary.
CT Stroma. Ovarian Follicles.
Ovarian medulla: most ________ part. Neurovascular structures. Contain ______ and blood vessels entering the organ through the hilum from mesenteries suspending the ovary.
Internal. LC.
Morphologically similar to Leydig cells in the Ovarian medulla
Hilar cells
Early dev’t of Ovary: Migrates from yolk sac to the gonadal primordia in first month of embryonic life. Divide and differentiate as ________. 2nd month embryo ________ and 5th month embryo ______.
Primordial germ cells. Oogonia. 600 000 oogonia. 7M.
Early dev’t of Ovary: during ________. Oogonia begin to enter _______ of ___________ division but arrest after completing synapsis & recombination w/o progressing to later stages of meiosis.
3rd month. Prophase. 1st meiotic division.
Cells that are arrested during Prophase I which are surrounded by Follicular cells. Within ovarian follicle.
Primary Oocytes
Flattened supportive cells
Follicular cells
During _______, Oogonia- Primary oocyte within follicles. Primary oocyte undergoes atresia.
7th month
Slow continuous degenerative process
Atresia
300 000 oocytes only reach full maturity when fertilization occurs.
Puberty
Only _________ resumes meiosis w/ ovulation during each menstrual cycle.
One oocyte
Reproductive life of woman: _______ years. Only _____ oocytes are liberated from ovaries by ovulation. Others degenerate by atresia.
30-40 years. 450 oocytes.
Consist of an oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of epithelial cells. Surrounded by ________.
Ovarian follicles. Ovarian Stroma.
Follicles formed during fetal life. Consist of a primary oocyte enveloped by a single layer of flattened follicular cells. Found in the superficial areas of the cortex. Surrounded by basal lamina.
Primordial follicles
Spindle shaped cells, SM, Collagen fibers & Fibroblast.
Ovarian stroma
Spherical cell w/ nucleus & mostly uncoiled chromosomes in 1st meiotic prophase
Oocyte
In Oocyte: ______ concentrated near nucleus.
Organelles
In Oocyte: Includes numerous ________. Several ________. Extensive _________. Prominent nucleoli.
Mitochondria. Golgi complexes. ER cisternae.
Clear boundary between follicle and vascularized stroma.
Basal Lamina
Begins in puberty w/ release of ____ from pituitary. Involves in growth of oocyte. Proliferation & differentiation of stromal _______. Selection of either primordial & dominant follicle.
Folliculogenesis/Follicular growth. FSH. Fibroblasts.
In Folliculogenesis: undergo growth & recruitment
Primordial follicles
In Folliculogenesis: ovulates
Dominant follicle
In Folliculogenesis: Selection of complex _______ balances. Differences among follicles in FSH receptor numbers, ______ activity and estrogen synthesis.
Hormonal. Aromatase.
Grows more rapidly during 1st part of follicular development. Prompted by ____. Max diameter ____.
Oocyte. FSH. 120um.
In Oocyte: This enlarges.
Nucleus
In Oocyte: become more numerous & uniformly distributed.
Mitochondria
In Oocyte: more extensive.
ER
In Oocyte: enlarge and move peripherally
Golgi complexes
Separated to stroma by a thin basal lamina
Granulosa cell
Undergo mitosis. Forms a simple cuboidal epithelium around the growing oocyte. Now known as ___________. Continue to proliferate forms Granulosa cells communicate through gap junctions.
Follicular cells. Unilaminar/Primary follicle.
Single layer of cuboidal epithelium
Primary follicle
Lining Epithelium of Granulosa
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Cells known as Granulosa cells. Follicle is multilayered primary follicle. Still surrounded by basement membrane. 2 layers of granulosa cells. Fine chromatin. Prominent nucleoli & cannot see nucleus.
Growing/Multilaminar follicle
Granulosa cells produces
Estrogen
Layer of extracellular material between oocyte & granulosa cells. Consists of 4 ___________ by oocyte. Thick layer of glycoprotein & proteoglycan.
Zona pellucida. Glycoprotein. Proteoglycan.
Zona pellucida components: bind proteins on the surfaces of the sperm. Induce acrosomal activation.
ZP 1-4
Zona pellucida is penetrated by ___________, microvilli of oocyte. Allows communication by cells between gap junctions.
Filopodia of follicular cells
Stratification of cuboidal granulosa cells
Zona Granulosa
_______ grow with increasing oocyte size & numbers of granulosa cells and move deeper in the __________.
Follicles. Ovarian cortex.
Small spaces develop within granulosa layer. Cells secrete _____________ which accumulates in the spaces.
Follicular fluid/Liquor Folliculi
In zona granulosa: ________ reorganize in a larger cavity. ________ is for spaces or cavity formation. Follicles not known as _________.
Granulosa cells. Antrum. Secondary Antral follicles.
Contains hyaluronate, growth factors, plasminogen, fibrinogen and anticoding heparan SO4 & proteoglycan. And it joins to produce cavities known as _________.
Follicular fluid. Graafian follicle.
High concentration of steroids with binding protein
Progesterone, Androstenadione & Estrogens”PAE”
Part of Zona Granulosa: During reorganization, some cells form a small hilock, __________. Surrounds oocyte. Protrude into the antrum.
Cumulus oophorus
Around Zona Pellucida: cells immediately surround and linked to the oocyte. Accompany the oocyte when it leaves the ovary.
Corona radiata
Stromal cells that immediately around the follicle
Follicular Theca/Theca Folliculi
Well vascularized endocrine tissue
Theca interna
More fibrous. Contains smooth muscle & fibroblast. Located at the outer part.
Theca externa
Steroid-producing endocrine w/ abundant smooth ER, mitochondria with tubular cristae . Numerous lipid droplets. Secrete androstenadione.
Cells of Theca Interna
Transform steroid to estradiol
Aromatase
Steroid hormone. Under the influence of _____. Synthesize aromatase. Absorbed in ________.
Androstenedione. FSH. Zona granulosa.
Wall like formation of granulosa cell
Granulosalimitans externa
Antrum increases greatly in size, accumulating follicular fluid. Oocyte adheres to wall of the follicle through cumulus oophorus of granulosa cells granulosa cell layer becomes thinner. Very thick thecal layers. FSH starts to decrease, inc estrogen.
Mature/Preovulatory/Graafian Follicle
Degenerative process. Follicular cells & oocytes die & are disposed of by phagocytic cells. Exhibited by follicles at any stage of development involves apoptosis, detachment of granulosa cells, autolysis of oocyte and collapse of zona pellucida.
Follicular Atresia
Invade degenerating follicle & phagocytose debris
Macrophage
Occupy the area of the follicle. Produce a collagen scar.
Fibroblast
Primordial to mature follicle. Takes place from before borth until a few years after menopause. Most prominent just __________. Maternal hormones decline rapidly during both puberty and pregnancy.
1st meiotic division
Occurs midway through menstrual cycle (_____ day)
Ovulation. 14th
Whitish or translucent bulging developed from the large mature follicle bulging against the tunica albuginea. Compactiom of the tissue has blocked blood flow.
Stigma
Begin to secrete progesterone and estrogen
Granulosa cells & Theca interna
Stimulus of Ovulation: ________ from anterior pituitary in response to rising levels of estrogen produced by the _____________.
LH surge. Mature dominant follicle
Stimulates hyaluronate & prostaglandin synthesis and fluid production. Within preovulatory follicle.
LH
Protesterone, LH & FSH activate proteolytic enzymes (________ & _______) within and around the follicle.
Plasmin. Collagenases.
Progesterone, LH & FSH weaken ________, ________ & _________. Which then leads to the ballooning and rupture of ovarian surface at ________.
Granulosa layer, Cumulus Oophorus & Tunica Albuginea. Stigma.
Cause contraction of theca externa smooth muscle through the opening @ stigma.
Prostaglandin
Prostaglandin causes the expulsion of
Cells of cumulus, Corona radiata, Oocyte & Follicular fluid “ CCOF”
Before ovulation: _______ completes first meiotic division. Began and arrested at _________, nuclear and cytoplasmic division. Chromosomes divide into secondary and first polar body.
Oocyte. Prophase.
Nuclear is ________ and Cytoplasmic is ________.
Equal. Unequal.
Division of chromosome that is released from ovary. Retains almost all of the cytoplasm. Haploid.
Secondary oocyte
Division of chromosome that is nonviable cell of a nucleus and a minimal amount of cytoplasm. Haploid.
First polar body
Formed after expulsion of first polar body. Oocyte begins ____ meiotic division. Arrests at _________.
Haploid. 2nd. Metaphase.
Adheres loosely to the ovary surface because of ________ which is rich coagulating follicular fluid.
Ovulated secondary oocyte. Hyaluronate.
Secondary oocyte if not fertilized within _______ degenerate.
24th day
A large temporary endocrine gland formed by the granulosa cells and theca interna change under influence of ____. Cells specialized for the production of steroid ________.
Corpus Luteum. LH. Progesterone.
Increase in size w/o dividing. Comprise 80% of parenchyma.
Granulosa cells
Large pale staining cells which secrete progesterone & estrogen. Lost features of protein-secreting cells. Expanded role in aromatase conversion.
Granulosa Lutein cells
Transient stage. Collapsing of blood vessels.
Corpus Hemorrhagicum (Corpus body)
Form the former theca interna. Secrete estrogen. Smaller than granulosa lutei cells. Stain darkly. Cytoplasmic ultrastructural features of steroid-synthesizing cells. Acred by LH. Aggregated in the folds of corpus luteum.
Theca Lutein cells
Produce large amounts of progesterone and androstenedione.
LH
After LH surge, _________ programmed to secrete progesterone for _____ days.
Corpus Luteum. 10-12 days.
Withou LH stimulation & pregnancy, both cells cease steroid production & undergo _________. Tissue regresses.
Apoptosis
Shedding of the part of the uterine mucosa
Menstruation
Menstruation brought about by decrease secretion of
Progesterone
Inhibits FSH release from pituitary
Estrogen
Produce estrogen
Corpus luteum
Maintain & Strengthen endometrium
Progesterone
Simultaneous with ovarian cycle
Endometrial cycle
Persists for part of only one menstrual cycle. Remnants phagocytosed by ________. _______ produce a scar of dense of connective tissue.
Corpus Luteum of the menstrual cycle. Macrophage. Fibroblast.
Fibroblast produce a scar of dense connective tissue. Atretic/scar follicle.
Corpus Albicans
Glycoprotein hormone. Produced by __________ in the implanting embryo. Actions similar to LH. Stimulate secretion of progesterone. Targets corpus luteum to maintain it. Promotes further growth of this endocrine gland.
HCG. Trophoblast cells.
Maintain uterine mucosa. Stimulate secretion on uterine mucosal glands for embryonic nutrition before placenta is functional.
Progesterone
Maintained by HCG for _______. Degenerates and replaced by an end part known as ________.
Corpus luteum in pregnancy. 4-5months. Corpus albicans.
Produces own progesterone and estrogen to maintain uterine mucosa
Placenta
Ate genital ducts. Two mobile muscular tubes.
Uterine/Oviducts/Fallopian tubes
Length of the uterine tube
12cm
Funnel shaped end which opens to peritoneal cavity.
Infundibulum
Fringe of finger like extensions. Oppose surface of ovary.
Fimbrae
Longest & expanded area where fertilization normally occurs
Ampulla
Narrow region. Folds are almost lost. Near uterus.
Isthmus
Passes through the walls of uterus. Opens into inferior of the uterus.
Interstitial/Uterine/Intramural part
Completed oogenesis
Mature/Defitive oocyte
Three layers of the ovary
Folded mucosa, Thick muscularis and Thin serosa
Layer of the uterine tube that is covered by visceral peritoneum w/ _________.
Thin serosa. Mesothelium.
Layer of the uterine tube that is interwoven circular & outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
Thick muscularis
Mucosa of the uterine tube has numerous branching. Longitudinal folds are most prominent in _________. Becomes smaller in segments of tubes closer to uterus. Not present in _________ portion.m
Ampulla. Intramural.
Lining epithelium of the uterine tube
Simple columnar epithelium ciliated
Lamina propia of uterine tube
LCT
Epithelium of the uterine tube has ____ cells.
Three
Uterine tube cells: Short. Lumen is towards uterus.
Ciliated cells
Uterine tube cells: darker staining. Slightly taller. Apical ends bulge into lumen.
Peg/Secretory cells
Uterine tube cells: reserve cells of tubal epithelium. Shortest.
Intercalated cells
Bent toward the uterus. Cause movement of viscous liquid film. Covers epithelial surface. Contains glycoproteins & nutritive components produced by _________.
Cilia. Secretory cells.
Triggered by ________. Cilia elongates.
Estrogen
Both Tubal cells undergo hypertrophy during
Follicular growth phase
Tubal cells both undergo atrophy during
Late Luteal phase
Moves close to ovary. Partially covers ovarian surface. Favors transport of ovulated secondary oocyte.
Infundibulum
_______ cause uterine tube muscular contraction. _______ for the ciliary activity. Oocyte then enters ________ and moves to ampulla.
Fimbrae. Epithelium. Infundibulum.
Maximum viability of oocyte
24 hours
Sperm activation
Capacitation
Sperm release enzyme for it to penetrate.
Acrosome reaction
Occurring in ampulla. Fusion of haploid sperm & egg. Reconstitution of diploid number of chromosomes. Triggers oocyte to complete 2nd meiotic division.
Fertilization.
Formation of ovum. 2nd polar body.
2nd meiotic division
Still present but gradually detaches. Forms a diploid cell: zygote. Which is transported to uterus.
Corona radiata
Fertilization transport process occurs normally in women w/ ____________.
Immotile cilia syndrome
If uterine tube is blocked: ________ cannot reach uterus. Implants itself in oviduct wall. __________ acts as uterine endometrium. Forms _______.
Embryo. LP. Decidual cells.
Implantation of the embryo outside the uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
Pear shaped. Thick muscular walls. Cell mass, inner is fetus and oiter is trophoblast. Morula enters and implants here.
Uterus
Uterine part: largest. Entered by oviducts.
Body
Uterine part: superior area between the tubes. Curved area.
Fundus
Uterine part: narrowed part. Lumen. Internal OS. Only part to go back to its pre pregnant form.
Isthmus
Uterine part: end. A lower cylindrical structure. Lumen, cervical canal.
Cervix
Three layers of the uterus
Endometrium, Myometrium & Perimetrium
Tunica serosa. Outer CT layer. Continuous w/ ligaments. Adventitia in some areas. Largely a serosa covered by a ________.
Perimetrium. Mesothelium.
Lining epithelium of perimetrium
Simple squamous epithelium
Thick tunic of highly vascular smooth muscle. Thickest. Composed of bundles of smooth muscle fibers seprated by CT & many blood vessels. Form 4 interwoven, poorly defined layers.
Myometrium
Four interwoven layers of myometrium: composed mainly of fibers parallel to the long axis of the organ.
1st & 4th
Four interwoven layers of myometrium: circularly disposed. Contains large blood vessels.
Middle layers
Myometrium: during pregnancy undergoes both _______ & _______. 8M cells actively synthesize _______ that strengthens uterine wall.
Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia. Collagen.
Myometrium: After pregnancy, ___ shrink, undergo ______. Removal of unneeded collagen.
SM. Apoptosis.
Layer of myometrium: circular SM
Stratum Supravasculare
Layer of myometrium: blood supply is concentrated. Longitudinal & Circular SM.
Stratum Vasculare
Layer of myometrium: Longitudinal SM only
Stratum Subvasculare
Tunica mucosa where zygote is implanted. Lamina propia contains ______ collagen fibers, abundant fibroblast and ground substance. LE is _________ which has both ciliated secretory cells which forms the uterine glands which penetrate its full thickness.
Endometrium. Type III Collagen. Simple columnar.
2 zones of endometrium: unchanged on menstrual cycle. Adjacent to myometrium. Contains highly cellular LP & deep basal ends of uterine glands.
Basal layer
2 zones of endometrium: changes. Superficial. Contains more spongy and less cellular LP. Richer in ground substances.
Functional layer
In menstrual cycle, control growth & differentiation of epithelial cells & associated CT.
Progesterone & Estrogen
Menstrual cycle duration average
28 days
Day when menstrual bleeding appears
Day one
Menstrual period lasts _______ on average.
3-4 days
Fertilization of oocyte & embryonic implantation does not occur. Corpus luteum regresses. Self limiting.
Menstrual period
For repair of endometrium
Estrogen
In Menstrual Cycle, Circulating levels of progesterone and estrogen begins to decrease ______ days after ovulation. Leads to _______.
8-10 days. Menstruation.
Drop off in Progesterone produces: _______ of muscle contraction i. Small spiral arteries of Functional layer.
Spasm
Drop off in Progesterone produces: Increase synthesis by _______ of prostaglandin.
Arterial cells
Produces strong vasoconstriction. Local hypoxia.
Prostaglandin
Hypoxic cells. Increase vascular permeability immigration of leukocytes.
Cytokines
Leukocytes release ________ & _____. Degrades basement membrane & ECM components.
Collagenas. Matrix Metalloproteins (MMP)
Not dependent on progesterone sensitive spiral arteries, basal Layer of ________.
Basement membrane. Endometrium.
Major portions of Functional layer including
Surface epithelium, Stroma & Blood-filled lacuna “SSB”
Blood filled lacuna detaches from ________. Slough away as _________. Menses.
Endometrium. Menstrual flow.
Limits blood loss
Arterial constriction
At end of menstrual phase: Endometrium reduced to a _____ layer. Ready to begin a new cycle. Cells begin dividing to reconstitute _______.
Thin. Mucosa.
3 line endometrium. Variable in length, ______ days average. Uterine mucosa is _____.
Proliferative phase. 8-10 days. Thin.
Beginning. Rapid growth of ovarian follicles undergoing transition from preantral to antral follicles. Developed _________ which has follicles actively secreting estrogens.
Follicular/Estrogenic phase. Theca interna.
Functional layer of the uterus during follicular phase
Stratum functionalis
Act on endometrium. Induce cell proliferation. Reconstitute functional layer lost during menstruation.
Estrogen
Endometrial lining of the uterus in proliferative phase
Simple columnar
Straight tubules with narrow nearly empty lumens.
Uterine glands
Cells of the uterine glands in proliferative phase: accumulate _______ of RER & larger golgi complexes in preparation for secretory activity.
Cisternae
Lengthens as functional layer is reestablished and grows.
Spiral arteries
At the end of the proliferative phase, endometrium is _______ thick.
2-3 mm
Lining epithelium of the uterus during proliferative phase
Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated
Lamina propia of the endometrium during proliferative phase contains ____________ which are simple tubular glands.
Endometrial glands
Uterine layer during Proliferative Phase: stroma and cells are more dense
Zona compacta
Uterine layer during Proliferative Phase: cells are loosely arranged. Less compact & dense.
Stratum spongiosa
Uterine layer during Proliferative Phase: contains blood vessels
Stratum basale
Simultaneous with luteal phase. Maximal thickness. Starts as a result of _______ secreted by corpus luteum.
Secretory phase. Progesterone.
Morphology of the endometrium during the secretory phase
Simple branched tubular glands
Stimulates epithelial cells of uterine glands to accumulate glycogen. Cell undergo _______ secretion. Glandular lumen ______.
Progesterone. Apocrine. Dilates.
In Secretory phase: glands become highly ______. Superficial microvasculature includes thin-walled, ___________.
Coiled. Blood filled lacuna.
In Secretory phase: _________ reaches maximum thickness. Accumulation of secretions. Edema in stroma. If ________ had taken place, secretory activity are optimal for embryo implantation and nutrition.
Endometrium. Fertilization.
In Secretory phase: major source for embryogenic nutrition before and during implantation.
Uterine gland secretion
In Secretory phase: it inhibits strong contractions of the myometrium that might interfere with implantation.
Progesterone
Viable cells of endometrium, displaced during menstruation, reflux into one or both uterine tubes, move upward and grow outside the uterus rather than undergoing vaginal discharge.
Endometrius
Endometrius is under the influence of _______. _______ function grows and degenerates monthly without effective removal. Leads to pain, inflammation, cyst, adhesions, scar and infertility.
Estrogen. Ectopic.
Embryonic implantation mainly of
Decidua & Placenta
Embryonic implantation: ________ is fertilized in the ampulla of uterine tube. Resulting _______ undergoes mitotic cleavages as it is moved passively toward the uterus.
Oocyte. Zygote.
Embryonic implantation: Embryo remains within the covering of the
Zona pellucida
Embryonic implantation: becomes smaller with each division . Cells that result from segmentation of zygote.
Blastomere
Embryonic implantation: compact aggregate of blastomeres
Morula
Embryonic implantation: embryo reaches uterus ______ days after fertilization. Loses zona pellucida.
4-5 days
Embryonic implantation: a cavity. Develops in center of morula.
Blastocyst
Embryonic implantation: peripheral arrangement of blastomeres around the cavity
Trophoblast
Embryonic implantation: collection of cells inside the trophoblast
Embryoblast/Inner cell mass
Blastocyst attaches to the surface epithelial cells of the late secretory phase endometrium.
Implantation/Nidation
In Implantation: proteolytic penetration of blastocyst from epithelium into underlying stroma occurs in ______. Driven by ______. Cells of embryoblast rearrange as two new cavities.
3 days. Trophoblast.
In Implantation: makes contact with epiblast
Amnion
In Implantation: makes contact with hypoblast
Yolk sac
Parts of the embryo develop from this. Composed of two cavities which are epiblast and hypoblast.
Bilaminar Embryonic disc
In Implantation: trophoblast differentiates to these which contributes to embryonic portion of placenta.
Cytotrophoblast & Syncytiotrophoblast
More superficial. An invasive, multinucleated mass.
Syncytiotrophoblast
In Implantation: ___ day after ovulation, embryo is totally implanted in the endometrium. Nutrient derived from blood & secretion.
9th
In Implantation: Prevent adverse reaction of uterus to the implanted embryo
Cytokines
What releases cytokines (anti inflammatory)
Trophoblast cells
In Implantation: goes through profound changes
Endometrial stroma
In Implantation: _______ enlarged & polygonal. More active in protein synthesis. Now called as ________.
Fibroblast. Decidual cells.
In Implantation: endometrium now referred as
Decidua
Layer of Decidua: between embryo and myometrium
Decidua basalis
Layer of Decidua: between embryo and lumen of the uterus
Decidua capsularis
Layer of Decidua: remainder of the decidua
Decidua parietalis
Site of nutrient, waste, 02 & C02 exchanges between choriona nd maternal part. Contains tissues from both individual.
Placenta
Embryonic part derived from former trophoblast
Chorion
From decidua basalis
Maternal part
Chorion and maternal part form this. Project into blood filled lacuna of decidua. Provides larger surface for nutrient and O2 absorption. Invaded by __________. Continuous with wide capillaries by end of ______ of pregnancy. Suspended in the pools of maternal blood. Have enormous area for metabolic exchange.
Chorionic villi. Embryonic mesenchyme. 3rd week.
In placenta: diffusion occurs in
Trophoblast layer, CT of villi & Capillary endothelium “TCC”
An endocrine organ which produces HCG, chorionic thyrotropin, chorionic corticotropin, estrogen and progesterone.
Placenta
Initial attachment of embryo occurs on _________ walls of embryo. Sometimes attaches to _______. _______ between fetus and vagina.
Ventral/dorsal. Internal OS. Placenta.
Obstruction in the passage of fetus @ parturition
CS delivery & Placenta previa
Embryo sometimes attaches to epithelium of _________. Zygote enters ___________ attaches to peritoneum and develops.
Uterine tube. Abdominal cavity.
Lower and more cylindrical part of the uterus. Differ in histologic structure.
Uterine cervix
Lining epithelium of uterine cervix
Simple columnar epithelium
Lamina propia of uterine cervix
Thick
Region wherein endocervical canal opens into the vagina. Bulges into upper vagina. Covered by __________.
External. Exocervical mucosa.
Lining epithelium of exocervical mucosa
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple columnar undergoes abrupt transition to stratified squamous
Transformation zone - Distinct zone
Little SM. Consist mainly of DCT.
Middle layer of uterine cervix
In uterine cervix: mucosa contains _________ which produces mucus. Does not _______ during menstruation.
Cervical glands. Desquamate.
In uterine cervix: time of ovulation, _______ secretions are maximal, watery and facilitate movement through uterus by sperm.
Mucus
In uterine cervix: during _________. Increase in ________. Mucous secretion becomes viscous and hinder passage of both sperm and microorganisms into the body of uterus.
Luteal phase. Progesterone.
In uterine cervix: during pregnancy, _________ proliferate. Secrete abundant highly viscous mucus. Forms a ______ in endocervical canal.
Cervical glands. Plug.
Derived from stratified squamous epithelium
Cervical carcinoma
Wall lacks glands. 3 layers are muscular layer, mucosa and adventitia.
Vagina
Vagina is covered by ________ which is produced by ________.
Mucus. Uterine cervix.
Small glands. Provides additional lubricating mucus during intercourse. Opens into vestibule.
Vestibular glands
Space enclosed within labia minora. Also contains vaginal orifice, urethra and ante erectile function of clitoris. Covered by __________.
Vestibule. External genitalia.
Lining epithelium of external genitalia
Stratified squamous
Epithelium of external genitalia contains small amount of _______. Does not undergo _______. When stimulated by ________, cells synthesize and accumulate ________.
Keratohyaline. Keratinization. Estrogen. Glycogen.
Bacteria metabolize glycogen to Lactic acid. Low pH in vagina. Protection against pathogenic microorganism.
Desquamate
Lamina propia of the vagina: rich in _________ & numerous narrow ________ projecting into epithelial cell layer.
Elastic fibers. Papillae.
CT of vagina: contains ________ & ________.
Lymphocytes and Neutrophils.
Mucosa of the vagina has few
Sensory nerve endings
Muscular layer of the vagina composed of two indistinct lauers of SM. _______ bundle next to mucosa. Thicker _______ bundle next to adventitial layer.
Circular. Longitudinal.
Makes vaginal wall strong and elastic
Elastic fiber
Outer layer contains extensive venous plexus, lymphatics and nerves.
DCT of Adventitia
Develop embryologically as invaginations of surface ________ along 2 ventral lines, the milk lines, from axilla to groin.
Mammary gland. Ectoderm.
Mammary gland consists of lobes of ____________ type in whichf unction is to secrete milk.
Compound tubuloalveolar
Breast dev’t during Puberty: only composition of male and female mammary gland before puberty. Near the nipple. Small branching duct emerges.
Lactiferous sinus
Breast dev’t during Puberty: Increase in circulating estrogen, breast ______ in size, _______ accumulation in CT, Increase growth and branching of duct system and _______ enlarges.
Increase. Adipocyte. Nipple.
Breast dev’t during Puberty: lobules contained in the parenchymal structure of non pregnant adult women’s breast. Embedded in ___________ connective tissue. ________ CT separates the lobes.
Terminal Duct Lobular Units. Loose vascular. Dense cellular.
Breast dev’t during Puberty: Lining epithelium of Lactiferous sinus
Stratified cuboidal
Breast dev’t during Puberty: Lining epithelium of Lactiferous & Terminal ducts
Simple cuboidal covered by loosely packed myoepithelial cells
Skin covering the nipple. Thin skin with _______ gland. Epithelium continuous w/ lactiferous sinus. Contains more melanin. Skin is supplied with sensory nerve ending.
Areola. Sebaceous.
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Estrogen, Progesterone, Prolactin & HPL. Results in proliferation of secretory alveoli at ends of _________.
Intralobular ducts
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: cuboidal epithelium with ________ myoepithelial cells between secretory cells and basal lamina.
Alveoli
Shape of alveoli
Spherical
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: grow & develop during pregnancy in preparation for lactation. _______ becomes less prominent.
Alveoli & ducts. Stroma.
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: _____ in lobule is infiltrated in lymphocytes and _______.
LCT. Plasma cells.
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Plasma cells are more numerous and produce
Immunoglobulins (secretory IgA)
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: accumulates late pregnancy. Causes dilatation of glandular alveoli and ducts. Rich in protein, ______ and electrolytes.
Colostrum. Vit. A.
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: colostrum is produced under influence of _________.
Prolactin
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Igs produced by ________ are transferred to colostrum. ________ immunity ( _______ ) Breastfeeding.
Plasma cells. Passive. Acquired.
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: type of secretion. Proteins- golgi- packaged into secreting vesicles- exocytosis.
Merocrine secretion
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: type of secretion. Lipid droplets- pass out the cells- lumen.
Apocrine secretion
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Proteins in human milk (____%) digested as source of AA by infant.
1.5%. Caseins, B lactoglobulin & Gamma lactoglobulin.
Caseins aggregate as
Micelles
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Lipids (____%)
4%
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Sugar. Lactose (___%) major source of energy. Synthesize in _______. Draws water. Adds to milk volume.
7-8%. Golgi.
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: Causes contraction of Lactiferous sinuses and ducts & myoepithelial cells of alveoli.
Oxytocin
Breast during Pregnancy & Lactation: initiated by negative emotion, frustration, anxiety and anger.
Milk ejection reflex
Postlactational Regression in MG: when breastfeeding stops, secretory ______ degenerates. Apoptosis. Sloughing of whole cells. Dead cells and debris removed by ________.
Alveoli. Macrophage.
Postlactational Regression in MG: _____ system inactivates.
Duct
Postlactational Regression in MG: alveoli and ducts reduce further in size. Loss of fibroblast, collagen in stroma and elastic fiber.
Menopause
