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Histology > Chapter 6: Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Special Senses Flashcards

0
Q

Special senses

A

Smell, Hearing, Equilibrium, Taste & Sight “SHETS”

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1
Q

General senses

A

Touch, Temperature, Pressure & Pain “TTPP”

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2
Q

70% of all sensory receptors are in here. It has over a million nerve fibers.

A

Eyes

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3
Q

Protection for the eye: most of the eye is enclosed in a _________. And cushion of ____ surrounds most of the eye.

A

Bony orbit. Fat.

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4
Q

Early ______: optic vesicle forms a two-layered ______: overlying ectoderm forms a ________.

A

Week 4. Optic cup. Lens pit.

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5
Q

______ week 4: optic cup ______ and forms inner & outer layers; lens pit forms ________.

A

Late. Deepens. Lens vesicle.

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6
Q

Week __: lens become an ______ structure. ______, _______ & _______ start to form.

A
  1. Internal. Cornea, Sclera & Choroid.
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7
Q

Includes sclera & cornea

A

Corneoscleral coat

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8
Q

A vascular layer including choroid, ciliary body & iris.

A

Uvea

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9
Q

Third layer of the eyeball includes

A

Retina, including outer pigment epithelium & inner neutral retina

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10
Q

Sclera consists ____________ making it opaque.m

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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11
Q

Covers the anterior one sixth of the eye, and is continuous with the fibrous sclera posteriorly.

A

Sclera

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12
Q

5 layers of the Cornea

A

Stratified squamous non keratinizing corneal epithelium, Bowman’s membrane, Corneal stroma(substancia propia), Descemet’s membrane & Simple squamous, the corneal endothelium “SBC DiS”

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13
Q

Made of 60 layers of long type I collagen fibers arranged in a precise orthogonal array and alternating flattened cells called _______.

A

Stroma. Keratocytes.

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14
Q

Corneal epithelium rests on _______. _______ is avascular.

A

Bowman’s membrane. Stroma.

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15
Q

In uvea, _______ extends inwards to form a ring-like thickening. With _______ on its anterior third. _______ of the lens arises from the ciliary process. Ciliary body continues posteriorly until it merges with the retina at ________.

A

Ciliary body extends. Ciliary process. Suspensory ligament(zonular ligament). Ora serrata.

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16
Q

Consists mainly of choroid, has a dark brown colour. _________, which helps to reduce glare within the eye. Many venous plexuses and capillaries.

A

Uvea. Melanin pigment.

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17
Q

Is where transparent corneal stroma emerges with opaque, vascular sclera.

A

Limbus or Corneoscleral junction

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18
Q

Stroma of limbus contains _________, or canal ________, which receives aqueous humor from _______.

A

Scleral venous sinus. Schlemm. Anterior chamber.

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19
Q

In uvea, this extends over the anterior surface of the lens from the anterior border of the ciliary body.

A

Iris

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20
Q

Iris consists of 5 layers: 1. A discontinuous layer of _______ & ______.

A

Fibroblast & Melanocytes.

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21
Q

Iris consists of 5 layers: 2. The avascular anterior _________.

A

Stromal sheet(lamella)

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22
Q

Iris consists of 5 layers: 3. A vascular layer of __________ forming the bulk of the _____.

A

Loose connective tissue. Iris.

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23
Q

Iris consists of 5 layers: 4. The posterior membrane containing the ____________ and _________ muscles.

A

Circular sphincter pupillae & Radial dilator pupillae muscles “CR”

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24
Q

Iris consists of 5 layers: A double layer of ________ epithelium.

A

Pigmented

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25
Q

Including outer pigment epithelium, inner neural retina and epithelium, ciliary body and iris.

A

Retina

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26
Q

Layer 3 retina: Composed of the basal lamina of Muller’s cells

A

Inner limiting membrane

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27
Q

Layer 3 retina: Processes of ganglion cells traveling to the brain

A

Layer optic nerve fiber

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28
Q

Layer 3 retina: cell bodies of ganglion cells

A

Ganglion cell layer

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29
Q

Layer 3 retina: 2nd synaptic layer, between horizontal, amacrine and bipolar cells and ganglion cells

A

Inner plexiform layer

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30
Q

Layer 3 retina: cell bodies of horizontal, amacrine, bipolar and Muller’s cells

A

Inner nuclear layer

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31
Q

Layer 3 retina: 1st synaptic layer, between photoreceptors and horizontal, amacrine and bipolar cells

A

Outer plexiform layer

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32
Q

Layer 3 retina: cell bodies of rods and cones

A

Outer nuclear layer

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33
Q

Layer 3 retina: apical boundary of Muller’s cells

A

Outer limiting membrane

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34
Q

Layer 3 retina: inner & outer segments of photoreceptor cells

A

Layer of rods and cones

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35
Q

Layer 3 retina: melanin containing cells

A

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

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36
Q

Following the path of light, what are the layers

A

ILL, NFL, GL, IPL, INL, OPL, ONL, OLL, RCL & PL

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37
Q

Sensory retinal receptors, the ____ are about 20x as numerous as the cones. The rods and cones differ in their distribution along the _______. In humans, a modified region of the retina, the _____, contains only cones is adapted for high visual acuity.m

A

Rods. Retina. Fovea.

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38
Q

For central vision, during bright light vision, and in color discrimination.

A

Cones

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39
Q

Peripheral vision and during dim light vision

A

Rods

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40
Q

The outer segments of rods and cones contain the visual pigments

A

Rhodopsin and Iodopsin

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41
Q

Epithelium of ciliary process: double layer of pigmented and nonpigmented epithelial ________ or ________ cells. No true basal lamina is present. Beneath the double epithelium is a core of connective tissue with many small blood vessels. Fluid from these vessels is pumped by the epithelial cells out of the ciliary processes as _________.

A

Low columnar or cuboidal cells. Aqueous humor.

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42
Q

Three chambers of the eye

A

Anterior chamber, Vitreous space & Posterior chamber

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43
Q

Chamber of the eye: between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens

A

Posterior chamber

44
Q

Chamber of the eye: between the posterior surface of the lens and the neural retina

A

Vitreous space

45
Q

Chamber of the eye: between the cornea and the iris

A

Anterior chamber

46
Q

Unpigmented layer of ciliary process > aqueous humor in posterior chamber > passes through pupillary aperture > aqueous humor in anterior chamber > Drains via ___________ (canal of schlemm)

A

sclero venous sinus

47
Q

Transparent, avascular, biconvex structure, suspended by suspensory ligament of the lens.

A

Lens of the eye

48
Q

3 components of the lens of the eye

A

Lens capsule, Subscapular epithelium & Lens fibers “LSL”

49
Q

3 components of the lens of the eye: lens capsule, produced by __________.

A

Anterior lens cells

50
Q

3 components of the lens of the eye: ________, a cuboidal/columnar layer of cells that is only present on the anterior surface of the lens

A

Subscapular epithelium

51
Q

3 components of the lens of the eye: _______ derived from the subscapular epithelial cells

A

Lens fibres

52
Q

Is a thick, homogenous external lamina formed by the epithelial cells and fibres.

A

Lens capsule

53
Q

Anterior surface of the lens, is covered by what epithelium

A

Simple columnar lens epithelium

54
Q

Still have their nuclei, but are greatly elongating and filling their cytoplasm with proteins called ________.

A

Differentiating lens fibers. Crystallins.

55
Q

Have lost their nuclei and become densely packed to produce a unique transparent structure

A

Mature lens fibers

56
Q

Thin, transparent mucous membrane. Lateral margin of cornea. Across sclera and covering internal surface of eyelids. __________, containing many goblet cells, that rests on a lamina propria of loose connective tissue.

A

Conjunctiva of the eye. Stratified columnar epithelium.

57
Q

Major divisions of the ear

A

External, Middle & Internal regions of the right ear

58
Q

The inner ear consists of

A

2 labyrinthine compartments

59
Q

2 labyrinthine compartments include

A

Bony(osseous) labyrinth & Membranous layer “BM”

60
Q

labyrinthine compartments: in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

A

Bony(osseous) labyrinth

61
Q

labyrinthine compartments: within the bony labyrinth

A

Membranous labyrinth

62
Q

In the bony labyrinth: ________ the central space of the bony labyrinth

A

Vestibule

63
Q

In the bony labyrinth: _________ extending from the vestibule posteriorly

A

Semicircular canals

64
Q

In the bony labyrinth: extending from the vestibule anteriorly

A

Cochlea

65
Q

In the membranous labyrinth: utricle and saccule, connected by the

A

Utricosaccular duct

66
Q

In the membranous labyrinth: __________, within the semicircular canals

A

Membranous semicircular ducts

67
Q

In the membranous labyrinth: ___________, within the bony cochlea, continuous with saccule

A

Membranous cochlear duct

68
Q

Houses a fluid-filled membranous labyrinth

A

Bony labyrinth

69
Q

Includes organs for sense of equilibrium and balance ( ________, ______ & _______) and cochlea for the sense of hearing

A

Membranous labyrinth. Saccule, utricle and semicircular ducts “SUS”

70
Q

Is the awareness of the position and movement of the head

A

Equilibrium/Vestibular sense

71
Q

Receptors of Equilibrium

A

Maculae & Cristae Ampullaris

72
Q

Maculae are located in the epithelial walls of the _______ & _______ in the vestibular complex. Contain _______ to detect the orientation of the stationary head and linear acceleration of the moving head.

A

Utricle & Saccule. Hair cells.

73
Q

Is composed of hair cells, supporting cells, and endings of the vestibular branch of the eight cranial nerve. Covered by a gelatinous ________ layer or membrane.

A

Macular wall. Otolithic.

74
Q

Are crystalline structures in the outer part of the otolithic membrane. Composed of _________ on a matrix of proteoglycans. Facilitates bending of the _________ & _________ embedded in this membrane by the gravity or the movement of the head.

A

Otoliths. Calcium carbonate. Kinocilia & Stereocilia.

75
Q

Two types of hair cells

A

Basal ends of type I hair cells & Type II hair cells

76
Q

Are _______ and associated with typical buoton synaptic connections to their afferents

A

Type II hair cells. Columnar.

77
Q

Are rounded and enclosed within a nerve calyx on the afferent fiber

A

Basal ends of type I hair

78
Q

Wall of the each ampulla is raised as a ridge called

A

Crista ampullaris

79
Q

Hair cells of crista epithelium with hair bundles project into a dome shape proteoglycans called

A

Cupula

80
Q

Cupula is attached to opposite wall and is moved by

A

Endolymph

81
Q

The bony cochlea has three compartments

A

Scala vestibuli, Scala tympani & Scala media

82
Q

Upper compartment of the bony cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli

83
Q

Lower compartment of the bony cochlea

A

Scala tympani

84
Q

Middle compartment of the bony cochlea

A

Scala media

85
Q

Organs of Hearing : located within the cochlea. Gel like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair cells. __________ attached to hair cells transmit nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe.

A

Organ of Corti. Cochlear nerve.

86
Q

Receptor of Organ of Corti

A

Hair cells on the basilar membrane

87
Q

Mechanisms of Hearing: vibrations from sound waves move ________. Hair cells are bent by the membrane. An action potential starts in the __________. Continued stimulation can lead to adaptation.

A

Tectorial membrane. Cochlear nerve.

88
Q

Two types of cells of Organ of Corti

A

Hair cells & Supporting cells

89
Q

Tall, slender cells extending from the basilar membrane tomthe free surface of the organs of Corti.

A

Supporting cells

90
Q

The sense of smell

A

Olfaction

91
Q

Olfactory receptors are in the

A

Roof of the nasal cavity

92
Q

Olfactory receptors: neurons with _________. Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for detection. Impulses are transmitted via the _________. Interpretation of smells is made in the _______.

A

Long cilia. Olfactory nerve. Cortex.

93
Q

Houses the receptor organs of the taste

A

Taste buds

94
Q

Location of taste buds

A

Most are in the tongue. Soft palate and cheeks.

95
Q

The tongue is covered with projections called

A

Papillae

96
Q

Sharp with no taste buds

A

Filiform papillae

97
Q

Rounded with taste buds

A

Fungiform papillae

98
Q

Large papillae with taste buds

A

Circumvallate papillae

99
Q

Taste buds are found on the

A

Sides of papillae

100
Q

Receptor cell of the taste buds

A

Gustatory cells

101
Q

Gustatory cells have ______. Hairs are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in ______.

A

Long microvilli. Saliva.

102
Q

Impulses are carried to the _______ by several cranial nerves because taste buds are found in different areas: _____, ______ & _______.

A

Gustatory complex. Facial nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve & Vagus nerve.

103
Q

Types of deafness

A

Conduction & Sensorineural

104
Q

Hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus

A

Meniere’s syndrome

105
Q

Peripheral, central or psychogenic

A

Vertigo

106
Q

Middle ear problem

A

Otitis media

107
Q

Inner ear problem

A

Labyrinthitis

108
Q

Eardrum problem

A

Myringitis/tympanitis

Histology (28 decks)

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