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Anatomy > Urinary System- Anatomy > Flashcards

Urinary System- Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy of the urinary system

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urethra
  • urinary bladder
  • urine
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2
Q

physiology of the urinary system

A
  • Eliminates wastes and foreign substances (ammonia, urea, creatinine, uric acid, drugs, environmental toxins)
  • Regulates blood chemical composition
  • Regulates blood pH
  • Regulates blood volume and fluid balance
  • Regulates blood pressure
  • Maintains homeostasis
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3
Q
  • located bilaterally in the upper lumbar region

- pear-shaped

A

kidneys

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4
Q

the two regions of the kidneys

A

cortex (outer region)

medulla (inner region)

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5
Q

indentation in the medially concave region of kidney; houses entry and exit for renal arteries, veins, and ureters

A

Hilum

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6
Q

basic filtering units of kidneys

composed of 3 groups

A

Nephrons

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7
Q

What are the 3 groups of Nephrons

A

1) Glomerulus
2) Bowman’s Capsule
3) Renal Tubule

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8
Q

Parts of a Nephron:

  • formed by different arterioles, then branches into a network of capillaries
  • filtration membrane separates this from Bowman’s Capsule
  • only certain substances are filtered
A

Glomerulus

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9
Q

Parts of a Nephron:

  • hollow cup-shaped mouth of a nephron
  • collects filtrate for transport through the nephrons
A

Bowman’s Capsule

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10
Q

Parts of a Nephron:

  • Consists of three parts
    1) Proximal convoluted tubule
    2) Loop of Henle
    3) Distal convoluted tubule
A

Renal Tubule

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11
Q

First part of the renal tubule; nearest to the Bowman’s Capsule

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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12
Q

Just past the proximal convoluted tubule; has a descending limb, hairpin turn, and ascending limb

A

Loop of Henle

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13
Q

Just beyond the Loop of Henle

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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14
Q
  • triangular wedges of collecting tubules

- make up a large part of the medullary tissue

A

Medullary pyramids

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15
Q
  • Narrow base of pyramid

- faces toward the hilum

A

Renal papilla

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16
Q

-areas formed by cortical tissue that dips into the medulla between the pyramids

A

Renal columns

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17
Q
  • cells that measure blood pressure
  • located where the afferent arteriole touches the distal convoluted tubule
  • composed of two important structures:
    1) Juxtaglomerular cells
    2) Macula densa
A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

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18
Q

located in the afferent arteriole; assist in maintaining blood pressure by secreting renin when blood pressure drops

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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19
Q

located in the distal convoluted tubule; responds to decrease in sodium by releasing prostaglandins which stimulate renin secretion

A

Macula densa

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20
Q
  • made up of distal tubules of several nephrons
  • these join with other ducts to form renal papilla
  • Calyx and Renal Pelvis
A

Collecting duct

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21
Q

point where urine leaves renal papilla and is collected for transport out of body

A

Calyx

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22
Q

large collection reservoir in upper region of ureter

A

Renal Pelvis

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23
Q

Fluid flow through the nephron

A
  • Bowman’s Capsule
  • Renal Tubule
  • Collect Duct
  • Renal papilla
  • Minor Calyx
  • Major Calyx
  • Renal Pelvis
  • Ureter
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24
Q

blood vessels and blood flow

sequence of blood flow through the kidneys

A
  • Renal artery
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerulus
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Renal venule
  • Renal vein
  • Inferior vena cava
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25
Q

Filtration of blood and formation of urine is a 3 step process

A

filtration process

26
Q

filtration process:

blood plasma enters the renal corpuscle and is filtered

A

filtration

27
Q

filtration process:

water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream from renal tubules

A

reabsorption

28
Q

filtration process:

tubular secretions of unwanted elements are discharged back into filtrate; urine is produced

A

tubular secretion

29
Q

Steps of Filtration

A

1) Blood enters renal corpuscle via glomeruli
2) Water and other substances from blood cross over into Bowman’s Capsule
3) Proteins and other blood elements too large to pass through are retained in the bloodstream
4) Toxins are collected in renal tubules and allowed to leave in urine

30
Q

occurs when water and useful substances from renal tubules are reabsorbed from all parts of the renal tubule into peritubular blood; majority of the body’s water, along with glucose and amino acids is retained and returned to the blood

A

reabsorption

31
Q

water and necessary nutrients recovered from filtrate by crossing back from renal tubules into bloodstream; rids body of toxic elements and controls blood pH; toxins may include organic compounds and ions

A

tubular secretion

32
Q

Urine formation in the kidneys

A
  • Begins in renal cortex when blood enters and is filtered in renal corpuscle
  • Filtrate flows into proximal convoluted tubule, which feeds into Loop of Henle
  • Flows into distal convoluted tubule and then into collecting tubules in the medulla
  • Filtrate is reputed into large papillary ducts
  • One filtrate reaches calyces, it is called urine
33
Q

2 slender, hollow tubes about 10 inches long that transport urine from the kidneys to urinary bladder; located bilaterally; urine is drained by peristalsis from major and minor calyxes

A

Ureters

34
Q

located in the pelvis behind pubic symphysis; provides temporary storage for urine;
Trigone: triangular floor consisting of the openings of ureters and the urethra; expansion followed by…
- folds within interior lining called rugae
- transitional epithelium

A

urinary bladder

35
Q

small tubular structure that transports urine from urinary bladder out of body during urination

  • length differs in males and females
  • females- only 1.5 inches long
  • males- about 8 inches
A

urethra

36
Q
  • concentrated filtrate from kidneys that are 96% water and 4% dissolved wastes
  • slightly acidic
A

urine

37
Q

the average adult produces about how many quarts of urine per day

A

1-2 quarts

38
Q

substance promoting formation and excretion of urine

A

diuretic

39
Q

other words for urination…

A
  • Micturition

- Voiding

40
Q

what two things give urine its smell?

A

urea and uric acid

41
Q

urine can contain traces of what?

A

amino acids

42
Q

________ present in a pregnant woman are detectable in urine

A

hormones

43
Q

Urinalysis tests for:

A
  • Blood (RBCs)
  • Nitrites (WBCs)
  • Protein
  • Glucose
  • pH level
  • Specific gravity
  • Ketones
  • Bilirubin
44
Q

What is responsible for water transfer to and from all cells for oxygen and nutrient exchange?

A

bloodstream

45
Q

Secretion of what hormone regulates the control of water balance by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb water?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

46
Q

many urinary problems can be solved by doing what?

A

drinking enough water

47
Q 
inflammation of the glomeruli
Symptoms include:
- puffiness in your face in the morning
- blood in urine or brown urine
- high blood pressure
Can be acute or chronic and chronic usually leads to kidney failure
A

Glomerulonephritis

48
Q

condition characterized by high levels of uric acid in blood
Usually sudden and severe attacks
Risk Factors:
- high BP, certain medications/diets, dehydration
can be treated acutely or chronically

A

Gout

49
Q

presence of blood in urine; may indicate an infection

A

Hematuria

50
Q
  • worms that affect your blood and urinary bladder
  • common in places with poor sanitation
  • can be treated with medicine
A

Bladder schistosomes

51
Q

crystals in the urine, such as uric acid or calcium salts

most of the time patients are managed for pain and the stone passes without treatment

A

Kidney stones

52
Q

can be used to shatter simple stones in the kidney or upper urinary tract (stones are made smaller so they can pass)

A

lithotripsy

53
Q
  • bacteria enter the bladder or kidneys (kidney infection)

- more common in women because the urethra is shorter

A

Cystitis

54
Q

What is cystitis commonly known as?

A

bladder infection or urinary tract infection (UTI)

55
Q
  • affect more men than women
  • certain factors can increase the risk
  • fourth most common cancer in men
A

bladder cancer

56
Q

treatment for bladder cancer includes:

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy
57
Q

In medicine, a tube that is inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel

A

catheter

58
Q

the process of inserting a catheter is called what?

A

catheterization

59
Q

sudden contractions of the bladder produce sensation of urgency, more common in women

A

overactive bladder

60
Q

inability to control urination

A

urinary incontinence

61
Q

a surgical procedure to place a healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor into a person whose kidneys no longer function properly

A

kidney transplant

Anatomy (18 decks)

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