Urinary System- Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy of the urinary system
A
- kidneys
- ureters
- urethra
- urinary bladder
- urine
2
Q
physiology of the urinary system
A
- Eliminates wastes and foreign substances (ammonia, urea, creatinine, uric acid, drugs, environmental toxins)
- Regulates blood chemical composition
- Regulates blood pH
- Regulates blood volume and fluid balance
- Regulates blood pressure
- Maintains homeostasis
3
Q
- located bilaterally in the upper lumbar region
- pear-shaped
A
kidneys
4
Q
the two regions of the kidneys
A
cortex (outer region)
medulla (inner region)
5
Q
indentation in the medially concave region of kidney; houses entry and exit for renal arteries, veins, and ureters
A
Hilum
6
Q
basic filtering units of kidneys
composed of 3 groups
A
Nephrons
7
Q
What are the 3 groups of Nephrons
A
1) Glomerulus
2) Bowman’s Capsule
3) Renal Tubule
8
Q
Parts of a Nephron:
- formed by different arterioles, then branches into a network of capillaries
- filtration membrane separates this from Bowman’s Capsule
- only certain substances are filtered
A
Glomerulus
9
Q
Parts of a Nephron:
- hollow cup-shaped mouth of a nephron
- collects filtrate for transport through the nephrons
A
Bowman’s Capsule
10
Q
Parts of a Nephron:
- Consists of three parts
1) Proximal convoluted tubule
2) Loop of Henle
3) Distal convoluted tubule
A
Renal Tubule
11
Q
First part of the renal tubule; nearest to the Bowman’s Capsule
A
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
12
Q
Just past the proximal convoluted tubule; has a descending limb, hairpin turn, and ascending limb
A
Loop of Henle
13
Q
Just beyond the Loop of Henle
A
Distal Convoluted Tubule
14
Q
- triangular wedges of collecting tubules
- make up a large part of the medullary tissue
A
Medullary pyramids
15
Q
- Narrow base of pyramid
- faces toward the hilum
A
Renal papilla
16
Q
-areas formed by cortical tissue that dips into the medulla between the pyramids
A
Renal columns
17
Q
- cells that measure blood pressure
- located where the afferent arteriole touches the distal convoluted tubule
- composed of two important structures:
1) Juxtaglomerular cells
2) Macula densa
A
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
18
Q
located in the afferent arteriole; assist in maintaining blood pressure by secreting renin when blood pressure drops
A
Juxtaglomerular cells
19
Q
located in the distal convoluted tubule; responds to decrease in sodium by releasing prostaglandins which stimulate renin secretion
A
Macula densa
20
Q
- made up of distal tubules of several nephrons
- these join with other ducts to form renal papilla
- Calyx and Renal Pelvis
A
Collecting duct
21
Q
point where urine leaves renal papilla and is collected for transport out of body
A
Calyx
22
Q
large collection reservoir in upper region of ureter
A
Renal Pelvis
23
Q
Fluid flow through the nephron
A
- Bowman’s Capsule
- Renal Tubule
- Collect Duct
- Renal papilla
- Minor Calyx
- Major Calyx
- Renal Pelvis
- Ureter
24
Q
blood vessels and blood flow
sequence of blood flow through the kidneys
A
- Renal artery
- Afferent arteriole
- Glomerulus
- Afferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillaries
- Renal venule
- Renal vein
- Inferior vena cava
25
Filtration of blood and formation of urine is a 3 step process
filtration process
26
filtration process:
| blood plasma enters the renal corpuscle and is filtered
filtration
27
filtration process:
| water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream from renal tubules
reabsorption
28
filtration process:
| tubular secretions of unwanted elements are discharged back into filtrate; urine is produced
tubular secretion
29
Steps of Filtration
1) Blood enters renal corpuscle via glomeruli
2) Water and other substances from blood cross over into Bowman's Capsule
3) Proteins and other blood elements too large to pass through are retained in the bloodstream
4) Toxins are collected in renal tubules and allowed to leave in urine
30
occurs when water and useful substances from renal tubules are reabsorbed from all parts of the renal tubule into peritubular blood; majority of the body's water, along with glucose and amino acids is retained and returned to the blood
reabsorption
31
water and necessary nutrients recovered from filtrate by crossing back from renal tubules into bloodstream; rids body of toxic elements and controls blood pH; toxins may include organic compounds and ions
tubular secretion
32
Urine formation in the kidneys
- Begins in renal cortex when blood enters and is filtered in renal corpuscle
- Filtrate flows into proximal convoluted tubule, which feeds into Loop of Henle
- Flows into distal convoluted tubule and then into collecting tubules in the medulla
- Filtrate is reputed into large papillary ducts
- One filtrate reaches calyces, it is called urine
33
2 slender, hollow tubes about 10 inches long that transport urine from the kidneys to urinary bladder; located bilaterally; urine is drained by peristalsis from major and minor calyxes
Ureters
34
located in the pelvis behind pubic symphysis; provides temporary storage for urine;
Trigone: triangular floor consisting of the openings of ureters and the urethra; expansion followed by...
- folds within interior lining called rugae
- transitional epithelium
urinary bladder
35
small tubular structure that transports urine from urinary bladder out of body during urination
- length differs in males and females
- females- only 1.5 inches long
- males- about 8 inches
urethra
36
- concentrated filtrate from kidneys that are 96% water and 4% dissolved wastes
- slightly acidic
urine
37
the average adult produces about how many quarts of urine per day
1-2 quarts
38
substance promoting formation and excretion of urine
diuretic
39
other words for urination...
- Micturition
| - Voiding
40
what two things give urine its smell?
urea and uric acid
41
urine can contain traces of what?
amino acids
42
________ present in a pregnant woman are detectable in urine
hormones
43
Urinalysis tests for:
- Blood (RBCs)
- Nitrites (WBCs)
- Protein
- Glucose
- pH level
- Specific gravity
- Ketones
- Bilirubin
44
What is responsible for water transfer to and from all cells for oxygen and nutrient exchange?
bloodstream
45
Secretion of what hormone regulates the control of water balance by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb water?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
46
many urinary problems can be solved by doing what?
drinking enough water
47
```
inflammation of the glomeruli
Symptoms include:
- puffiness in your face in the morning
- blood in urine or brown urine
- high blood pressure
Can be acute or chronic and chronic usually leads to kidney failure
```
Glomerulonephritis
48
condition characterized by high levels of uric acid in blood
Usually sudden and severe attacks
Risk Factors:
- high BP, certain medications/diets, dehydration
can be treated acutely or chronically
Gout
49
presence of blood in urine; may indicate an infection
Hematuria
50
- worms that affect your blood and urinary bladder
- common in places with poor sanitation
- can be treated with medicine
Bladder schistosomes
51
crystals in the urine, such as uric acid or calcium salts
| most of the time patients are managed for pain and the stone passes without treatment
Kidney stones
52
can be used to shatter simple stones in the kidney or upper urinary tract (stones are made smaller so they can pass)
lithotripsy
53
- bacteria enter the bladder or kidneys (kidney infection)
| - more common in women because the urethra is shorter
Cystitis
54
What is cystitis commonly known as?
bladder infection or urinary tract infection (UTI)
55
- affect more men than women
- certain factors can increase the risk
- fourth most common cancer in men
bladder cancer
56
treatment for bladder cancer includes:
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy
57
In medicine, a tube that is inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel
catheter
58
the process of inserting a catheter is called what?
catheterization
59
sudden contractions of the bladder produce sensation of urgency, more common in women
overactive bladder
60
inability to control urination
urinary incontinence
61
a surgical procedure to place a healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor into a person whose kidneys no longer function properly
kidney transplant
