Psychology- Chapter 11

Question 1

language can be acquired through what?

Answer 1

observation and training

Question 2

the ability to understand what’s being said both to and about us

Answer 2

receptive language

Question 3

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

Answer 3

two-word stage

Question 4

a neurological impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area

Answer 4

Aphasia

Question 5

begins at about 4 months, stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds

Answer 5

babbling

Question 6

a set of spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

Answer 6

language

Question 7

short, distinctive sound units such as “a, t, c, sh, f”

Answer 7

phonemes

Question 8

the smallest units that carry meaning such as prefixes and suffixes

Answer 8

morphemes

Question 9

a mental representation of an event or object

Answer 9

image

Question 10

an abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality

Answer 10

symbol

Question 11

a representative example of a concept

Answer 11

prototype

Question 12

a statement of the relation between concepts

Answer 12

rule

Question 13

the awareness of one’s own cognitive process

Answer 13

metacognition

Question 14

a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

Answer 14

algorithm

Question 15

a rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy

Answer 15

heuristic

Question 16

the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects

Answer 16

functional fixedness

Question 17

the ability to overcome rigidity

Answer 17

flexibility

Question 18

mentally rearranging the elements of a problem to arrive at an original solution

Answer 18

recombination

Question 19

an individual sound that is a basic structural element of language

Answer 19

phoneme

Question 20

the smallest unit of meaning in a given language

Answer 20

morpheme

Question 21

language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences

Answer 21

syntax

Question 22

a systematic and logical attempt to reach a specific goal, such as a solution to a problem

Answer 22

directed thinking

Question 23

this type of thinking depends heavily on symbols, concepts, and rules

Answer 23

convergent thinking

Question 24

this type of thinking consists of a free flow of thoughts with no particular plan and depends more on images

Answer 24

non-directed thinking (divergent thinking)

Question 25

• innate learning
• universal grammar
• believed that infants possess an innate capacity for language (children inherit a mental program that enables them to learn grammar

Answer 25

Noam Chomsky

Question 26

believed that children learn language as an operant condition

Answer 26

B.F. Skinner

Question 27

• argued that language affects our basic perceptions of the physical world
• used the term “linguistic relativity” to refer to the idea that a person’s language influences his or her thoughts

Answer 27

Ben Whorf

Question 28

represents the purpose of a set of steps

Answer 28

subgoals

Question 29

the ability to use information in such a way that the result is somehow new, original, and meaningful

Answer 29

creativity

Question 30

what are the basic parts of creativity?

Answer 30

flexibility, recombination, insight

Question 31

What are the obstacles to problem-solving?

Answer 31

functional fixedness (the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects), mental set (you are set to treat problems a certain way)