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Anatomy > Respiratory System- Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory System- Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the Respiratory System?

A

1) Exchange gases (Co2 & O2)
2) Breathing- movement of air
3) Sound Production
4) Olfactory Assistance- sense of smell
5) Protection from dust and microbes entering the body

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2
Q

process of gas exchange

A

respiration

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3
Q

air enters the lungs, gas is exchanged with blood cells (air > blood)

A

external respiration

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4
Q

blood travels to body parts and exchanges gas with those tissues (blood > tissue)

A

internal respiration

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5
Q

Why do we need oxygen?

A

so our cells can do cellular respiration

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6
Q

How does cellular respiration work?

A

cells use oxygen and sugars to create energy in the form of ATP; ATP is then used to power cellular processes

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7
Q

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

A

upper respiratory tract

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8
Q

larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

A

lower respiratory tract

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9
Q

large, air-filled space behind the nose; continuation of the two nostrils; also contains chemoreceptors for smell and taste

A

nasal cavity

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10
Q

divides the nose (bone) into 2 cavities

A

nasal septum

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11
Q

bones that divide the nasal cavity, support the mucous membrane and increase surface area

A

nasal concha (turbinates)

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12
Q

when the septum bends to one side, results in the nose being crooked > broken nose

A

deviated septum

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13
Q

when the turbinates are inflamed from allergies, infections, or a chronic issue > stuffy nose

A

swollen turbinates

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14
Q

space within the bones

A

paranasal sinuses

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15
Q

what bones are the paranasal sinuses named after?

A
  • maxillary
  • frontal
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid
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16
Q

behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx (space, not structure)
(nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

A

Pharynx

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17
Q

enlargement at the top of the trachea; contains voice box and is composed of muscles and cartilage

A

larynx

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18
Q

houses vocal cords

A

voice box

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19
Q

what muscles and cartilage make up the larynx

A

thyroid (Adam’s Apple)
cricoids
epiglottic cartilage

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20
Q

the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them

A

glottis

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21
Q

consists of false vocal cords and true vocal cords

A

glottis

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22
Q

help close airways during swallowing; do not produce sound

A

false vocal cords

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23
Q

produce sound

A

true vocal cords

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24
Q

triangular slit that opens during talking/breathing, and closes during swallowing

A

glottis

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25
Q

closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

A

epiglottis

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26
Q

inflammation of the larynx that makes the voice hoarse or the person loses their ability to speak
- caused by illness, allergies, smoking, and some medications

A

laryngitis

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27
Q

(windpipe) flexible cylinder with cartilage to give it stiffness and keep it from collapsing; carries air to the Bronchial Tree

A

trachea

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28
Q

Know the branches and order of the bronchus

A

in notes

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29
Q

ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage

A

bronchi

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30
Q

cartilaginous plates

A

bronchial tubes

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31
Q

thinner walls of smooth muscle; lined with ciliated epithelium

A

bronchioles

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32
Q

located off bronchioles; single layer of epithelial tissues; contain surfactant; surrounded by capillaries

A

alveoli

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33
Q

Airflow through the lungs

A

trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > teritary bronchi > bronchioles

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34
Q

spongy tissue that sits within the pleural cavity

A

lungs

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35
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes

36
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes

37
Q

space for the heart

A

cardiac notch

38
Q

top of the lung

A

apex

39
Q

bottom of the lung

A

base

40
Q

what type of fluid lubricates during breathing

A

serous fluid

41
Q

large, dome-shaped muscle; contracts continually in a rhythmic pattern; usually involuntary

A

diaphragm

42
Q

diaphragm contracts and flattens > chest enlarges; this creates a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs

A

inhaling

43
Q

the muscles between the ribs; help form and move the chest wall; help the chest expand and shrink to facilitate breathing

A

intercostal muscles

44
Q

as the diaphragm and other muscles relax, elastic recoil from surface tension forces air out; muscles can force extra air out or in

A

exhalation

45
Q

Normal Atmospheric Pressure

A

760 mm Hg

46
Q

______ is necessary for breathing, which is why it is difficult to breathe in high altitudes and also why a punctured lung can be dangerous

A

pressure

47
Q

collapsed lung

A

pneumothorax

48
Q

a hole in the pleural cavity can cause the lung to what?

A

collapse or deflate

49
Q

accumulation of fluid in an anatomic space

A

effusion

50
Q

types of non-respiratory movements

A

coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying

51
Q

spasm of the diaphragm

A

hiccups

52
Q

possibly caused by low oxygen levels

A

yawn

53
Q

measures the amount (volume) of air moving in and out of lungs

A

spirometry

54
Q

1 inspiration and 1 expiration

A

Respiratory Cycle

55
Q

amount of air that enters the lungs during one cycle of normal breathing

A

Resting Tidal Volume

56
Q

the amount of air that can be forced in or out by taking a deep breath

A

Vital Capacity (lung capacity)

57
Q

Breathing is ______ but muscles are under ______ control

A

involuntary, voluntary

58
Q

groups of neurons in the brain that controls inspiration and expiration

A

respiratory center

59
Q

Where is the respiratory center located?

A

in the medulla and the pons

60
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group

A

rhythm

61
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

A

forced

62
Q

Pneumotaxic Area (pons)

A

inhibits respiration

63
Q

Factors that can affect breathing

A

1) Rise in CO2
2) Low blood oxygen
3) Emotional upset, fear and pain

64
Q

increased breathing; lower CO2 concentration; breathing into a bag can restore CO2 concentrations

A

hyperventilation

65
Q

what type of cells is the respiratory membrane made up

A

simple squamous cells

66
Q

a disease in which there is an overall lack of oxygen content within the body’s tissue and vital human organs (specifically the brain)

A

Hypoxia

67
Q

a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally; an example is choking

A

Asphyxia

68
Q

Asphyxia causes _______ ________, which primarily affects the tissues and organs

A

generalized hypoxia

69
Q

hereditary disease; mucus clogs the lungs which makes it difficult to breathe and cause infections

A

Cystic Fibrosis

70
Q

an obstruction of the airways that occurs with chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

71
Q

a type of COPD; the walls between the alveoli are damaged causing them to lose their shape and become floppy; smoking is the most common cause

A

Emphysema

72
Q

inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs, irritated tissues produce mucus; can be acute or chronic (if it is chronic, it can turn to COPD)

A

Bronchitis

73
Q

breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep; can lead to major health issues; symptoms include fatigue, snoring

A

Sleep Apnea

74
Q

when the throat muscles relax

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

75
Q

a blood clot that moves to an artery in the lungs; can be fatal; can damage part of the lung

A

Pulmonary Embolism

76
Q

abnormal cells start to grow; usually no signs or early symptoms of this; as the cancer stages advance, symptoms include… coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and bloody mucus

A

Lung Cancer

77
Q

brought on by reduced air pressure and lower oxygen concentrations; symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening; can affect muscles, nervous system, lungs, and heart

A

Altitude Sickness

78
Q

inflammation of the bronchial tubes with increased production of sticky secretions inside the tubes; symptoms occur when airways tighten or fill with mucus; symptoms include: coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, pain, or pressure

A

Asthma

79
Q

Types of Bacteria/Viral Infections

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis
  • Influenza
  • Rhinovirus
80
Q

causes serious coughing and gasping for breath; dangerous for infants

A

Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

81
Q

List the structures that air travels through from outside the nose all the way to the cells

A

Nasal Cavity > Pharynx > Larynx > Trachea > Bronchus > Bronchioles (primary, secondary, tertiary) > Alveoli > oxygen in the alveoli diffuse into the capillaries where the red blood cells exchange gas and send it to the rest of the body

82
Q

Differentiate Resting Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity. How were both demonstrated in the lab?

A
  • Resting Tidal Volume: the amount of air that enters the lungs in one breathing cycle
  • Vital Capacity: the amount of air that can be taken in when you breathe in deeply
  • Lab: Both differentiate due to sex and level of activity of the person. This is because most athletic people have higher lung capacity due to working out and growing this when becoming in shape. This is also true for people who play instruments. Males generally have a higher capacity for most things and this was true with the lung capacity of the male even without athleticism.
83
Q

Is breathing voluntary or involuntary? Explain

A

Both because normal breathing is involuntary because we do it unconsciously. We also breathe voluntarily because we can control how much air we take in like taking deep breath

84
Q

Explain the breathing mechanism

A

1) Diaphragm moves down, forcing air into airways > inhale
2) Intercostals contract, enlarging the cavity even more
3) Air exchange happens
4) Relaxing the diaphragm causes elastic recoil > exhale

85
Q

Why is air pressure necessary for life? How do high altitudes affect this?

A

At normal pressure levels, we receive plenty of oxygen when we inhale because of diffusion. Without it, we wouldn’t be able to breathe. At high altitudes, there is less air pressure, meaning less oxygen. This makes it harder for oxygen to move through our respiratory system and cells which can lead to low levels of oxygen.

86
Q

Why do we need oxygen?

A

So our cells can do cellular respiration. Our cells use oxygen and glucose to create ATP which powers the cells and all processes.

Anatomy (18 decks)

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