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Anatomy > Circulatory System- Anatomy > Flashcards

Circulatory System- Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

this system can be thought of as the transport system of the body

A

Circulatory System

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2
Q

the heart pumps ____

A

blood

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3
Q

________ _______ allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system?

A
  • deliver oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to body cells

- remove carbon dioxide and waste

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5
Q

the heart is located in the ______ ______ between the lungs and slightly to the left

A

thoracic cavity

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6
Q

the heart is a hollow, cone-shaped muscle about the size of a _____

A

fist

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7
Q

what type of muscle is the heart made up of?

A

cardiac muscle

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8
Q

a covering of the heart; double serous membrane

A

pericardium

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9
Q

layer next to the heart

A

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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10
Q

outside layer of the heart

A

parietal pericardium

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11
Q

this type of fluid fills the space between the layers of the pericardium

A

serous fluid

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12
Q

Heart wall: the outside layer; this layer is the visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

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13
Q

heart wall: middle and thickest layer; mostly cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

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14
Q

heart wall: inner layer; made up of simple squamous epithelium

A

endocardium

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15
Q

how many chambers does the heart have and what are they?

A
  • 4 chambers
  • left and right atrium
  • left and right ventricles
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16
Q

what are these chambers separated by?

A

septum

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17
Q

what do the two atrium chambers do?

A

receive blood

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18
Q

what do the two ventricle chambers do?

A

pump out blood

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19
Q

flaps of connective tissue between the atria and ventricles

A

valves

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20
Q

what holds valves in place?

A

chordae tendineae

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21
Q

what is the function of valves and why are they closed?

A
  • move blood through the heart in one direction

- closed to prevent backflow

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22
Q

these valves are located between the atria and ventricles, open valves

A

atrioventricular valves

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23
Q

these valves are located between ventricle and artery; closed valves

A

semilunar valves

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24
Q

blood leaves the left ventricle towards body from this vessel

A

aorta

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25
Q

oxygen-poor blood leaves right ventricle towards lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

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26
Q

superior and inferior; blood from the body travels through these to enter the right atrium

A

vena cava

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27
Q

oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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28
Q

tubes that transport blood

A

blood vessels

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29
Q

what are the four functions of blood vessels?

A

1) Transport blood
2) Carry out the exchange of gases and waste
3) Regulate blood pressure
4) Direct blood flow

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30
Q

blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the body; thick walls

A

arteries

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31
Q

what is the largest artery in the body

A

aorta

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32
Q

microscopic blood vessels which connect arteries and veins together; where exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste occur; one cell layer thick

A

capillaries

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33
Q

carry oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart; thin walls; requires muscles to push blood back to the heart

A

veins

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34
Q

diseases: the hardening of arteries due to the formation of scar tissue

A

arteriosclerosis

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35
Q

diseases: valves in the veins become weak leading to abnormal dilations in the superficial veins

A

varicose veins

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36
Q

diseases: inflammation of a vein; very serious because it can lead to blood clots (thrombosis) and death

A

phlebitis

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37
Q

the transportation of blood

A

circulation

38
Q

What is the goal of circulation?

A

1) send oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen

2) then to pump oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body cells

39
Q

Circulation Pathways: from heart to lungs

A

Pulmonary Circulation

40
Q

Circulation Pathways: from heart to body

A

Systematic Circulation

41
Q

Circulation Pathways: from heart to heart muscle

A

Coronary Circulation

42
Q

Pulmonary Circulation: Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs

A

body cells > veins > vena cavas > R atrium > Tricuspid Valve > R ventricle > Pulmonary Semilunar Valve > Pulmonary Artery > Lungs

43
Q

Systemic Circulation: Flow of blood from the heart to the body cells

A

Lungs > Pulmonary Veins > L atrium > Bicuspid Valve > L Ventricle > Aortic Semilunar Valve > Aorta > Arteries > Body cells

44
Q

Coronary Circulation: from aorta to myocardium (heart muscle)

A

coronary arteries

45
Q

Coronary Circulation: from the myocardium to the ventricle

A

cardiac veins

46
Q

Coronary Disorders: blockage of the arterial walls due to the buildup of cholesterol that can lead to heart attack

A

atherosclerosis

47
Q

Coronary Disorders: blood clot that breaks away from its origin and is carried to a new location; can lead to a heart attack if embows blocks a coronary artery

A

thromboembolism

48
Q

how does aspirin help with the prevention and treatment of coronary diseases?

A

reduces the stickiness of platelets and therefore prevents clots

49
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

50
Q

blood is ____ times thicker than water

A

5

51
Q

the pH of blood must remain between ____ and ____

A

7.35-7.45

52
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body

53
Q

How much blood is in the average body?

A

1.2 to 1.5 gallons

54
Q

blood contains ____ plasma and _____ cells

A

55%, 45%

55
Q

a person trained to draw blood from a patient for clinical or medical testing, transfusions, donations, or research

A

phlebotomist

56
Q

Composition of blood: composed of 90% water; contains nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, waste products

A

blood plasma

57
Q

main function is to carry oxygen; no nucleus; concave; each one has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

A

erythrocytes

58
Q

erythrocytes are also known as _____ ______ _____

A

red blood cells

59
Q

Composition of blood: crucial in the body’s defense against disease

A

leukocytes

60
Q

leukocytes are also know as _____ ______ _____

A

white blood cells

61
Q

Composition of blood: small fragments produced from ruptured cells; needed for the clotting process

A

platelets

62
Q

what are platelets also called?

A

thrombocytes

63
Q

Blood disorders: caused by low iron or hemoglobin

A

anemia

64
Q

what are the symptoms of anemia?

A

fatigue, dizziness, headaches, shortness of breath

65
Q

Blood disorders: recessive genetic disorder

A

sickle cell anemia

66
Q

what are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A

fatigue, bone pain, ulcers, delayed growth, shortness of breath

67
Q

Blood disorders: recessive sex-linked bleeding disorder; blood lacks clotting factors; minor injuries can cause uncontrolled bleeding

A

hemophilia

68
Q

What are the four blood types and how are they determined?

A
  • A, B, AB, O

- determined by antigens on our blood cells

69
Q

What is the most common blood type?

A

O (45%)

70
Q

What is the rarest blood type?

A

AB (4%)

71
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O

72
Q

What blood type is the universal receiver?

A

AB

73
Q

What does an Rh factor mean?

  • usually doesn’t affect transfusions
  • can cause problems for mom and fetus if different
A

+ or -

74
Q

Nodal tissue: found in right atrium; initiates heartbeat every 0.85 seconds; pacemaker

A

SA (sinoatrial) node

75
Q

Nodal tissue: bottom of right atrium

A

AV (atrioventricular) node

76
Q

How does the heart contract in order to pump blood? (what are the steps)

A

1) The SA node sends out an impulse causing the atria to contract
2) The impulse reaches the AV node and travels along the AV bundle
3) The impulses travel throughout the ventricles to the Purkinje Fibers
4) Ventricles contract

77
Q

Briefly explain the cardiac cycle

A
  • Cardiac cycle includes all the events that occur in one heartbeat
  • L & R atria contract simultaneously
  • Atria relaxes then L & R ventricles contract simultaneously
78
Q

contraction of the heart

A

systole

79
Q

relaxation of the heart

A

diastole

80
Q

Disorders: irregular heartbeat

A

arrhythmia

81
Q

Disorders: more than 100 bpm; result is lack of blood flow to the heart; heart rate may be 100-175 bpm at rest

A

tachycardia

82
Q

Disorders: less than 60 bpm; heart does not pump enough oxygen-rich blood

A

bradycardia

83
Q

used to maintain a consistent heart rate when the body’s natural pacemaker (SA node) is not properly functioning

A

pacemaker

84
Q

stretching and recoiling of the arterial wall as blood surges through; measured at “pressure points”

A

pulse

85
Q

pressure at peak of ventricular contraction

A

systolic

86
Q

pressure when ventricles relax

A

diastolic

87
Q

Pressure in blood vessels ______ as the distance away from the heart ______

A

decrease, increases

88
Q

low BP; low systolic; often associated with illness

A

hypotension

89
Q

high BP; high systolic; dangerous if it is chronic; warning sign for stroke and heart attack risk

A

hypertension

90
Q

Explain the blood flow through the heart (can explain or just list the flow)

A
  • Deoxygenated blood leaves the body cells and enters the superior and inferior vena cava
  • Blood flows into the right atrium
  • Blood passes through the tricuspid valve
  • Blood flows into the right ventricle
  • Blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Blood exits the heart through the pulmonary artery
  • Blood goes to the lungs to be oxygenated
  • Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and enters the heart through the pulmonary veins
  • Blood flows into the left atrium
  • Blood passes through the bicuspid/mitral valve
  • Blood flows into the left ventricle
  • Blood passes through the aortic valve
  • Blood leaves the heart through the aorta to bring oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
91
Q

Describe fetal circulation in detail including the blood flow and circulatory adjustments that occur at birth

  • Summarize blood flow between mom and fetus
  • What adjustments occur during birth
A
  • fetus is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord
  • oxygen and nutrients from mother’s blood via umbilical cord (oxygenated)

Blood Flow:

1) oxygen & nutrients transferred across placenta to fetus via umbilical cord
2) enriched blood flows through toward baby’s liver
3) travels through ductus venosus
4) highly oxygenated blood flows through the inferior vena cava and then into the r. atrium

Adjustments at Birth:

  • umbilical cord is clamped
  • first breath inflates lungs (decreases blood flow resistance in lungs)
  • ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close

Anatomy (18 decks)

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