Circulatory System- Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
this system can be thought of as the transport system of the body
A
Circulatory System
2
Q
the heart pumps ____
A
blood
3
Q
________ _______ allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
A
blood vessels
4
Q
what is the function of the circulatory system?
A
- deliver oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to body cells
- remove carbon dioxide and waste
5
Q
the heart is located in the ______ ______ between the lungs and slightly to the left
A
thoracic cavity
6
Q
the heart is a hollow, cone-shaped muscle about the size of a _____
A
fist
7
Q
what type of muscle is the heart made up of?
A
cardiac muscle
8
Q
a covering of the heart; double serous membrane
A
pericardium
9
Q
layer next to the heart
A
visceral pericardium (epicardium)
10
Q
outside layer of the heart
A
parietal pericardium
11
Q
this type of fluid fills the space between the layers of the pericardium
A
serous fluid
12
Q
Heart wall: the outside layer; this layer is the visceral pericardium
A
epicardium
13
Q
heart wall: middle and thickest layer; mostly cardiac muscle
A
myocardium
14
Q
heart wall: inner layer; made up of simple squamous epithelium
A
endocardium
15
Q
how many chambers does the heart have and what are they?
A
- 4 chambers
- left and right atrium
- left and right ventricles
16
Q
what are these chambers separated by?
A
septum
17
Q
what do the two atrium chambers do?
A
receive blood
18
Q
what do the two ventricle chambers do?
A
pump out blood
19
Q
flaps of connective tissue between the atria and ventricles
A
valves
20
Q
what holds valves in place?
A
chordae tendineae
21
Q
what is the function of valves and why are they closed?
A
- move blood through the heart in one direction
- closed to prevent backflow
22
Q
these valves are located between the atria and ventricles, open valves
A
atrioventricular valves
23
Q
these valves are located between ventricle and artery; closed valves
A
semilunar valves
24
Q
blood leaves the left ventricle towards body from this vessel
A
aorta
25
oxygen-poor blood leaves right ventricle towards lungs
pulmonary arteries
26
superior and inferior; blood from the body travels through these to enter the right atrium
vena cava
27
oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium
pulmonary veins
28
tubes that transport blood
blood vessels
29
what are the four functions of blood vessels?
1) Transport blood
2) Carry out the exchange of gases and waste
3) Regulate blood pressure
4) Direct blood flow
30
blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the body; thick walls
arteries
31
what is the largest artery in the body
aorta
32
microscopic blood vessels which connect arteries and veins together; where exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste occur; one cell layer thick
capillaries
33
carry oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart; thin walls; requires muscles to push blood back to the heart
veins
34
diseases: the hardening of arteries due to the formation of scar tissue
arteriosclerosis
35
diseases: valves in the veins become weak leading to abnormal dilations in the superficial veins
varicose veins
36
diseases: inflammation of a vein; very serious because it can lead to blood clots (thrombosis) and death
phlebitis
37
the transportation of blood
circulation
38
What is the goal of circulation?
1) send oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen
| 2) then to pump oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body cells
39
Circulation Pathways: from heart to lungs
Pulmonary Circulation
40
Circulation Pathways: from heart to body
Systematic Circulation
41
Circulation Pathways: from heart to heart muscle
Coronary Circulation
42
Pulmonary Circulation: Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs
body cells > veins > vena cavas > R atrium > Tricuspid Valve > R ventricle > Pulmonary Semilunar Valve > Pulmonary Artery > Lungs
43
Systemic Circulation: Flow of blood from the heart to the body cells
Lungs > Pulmonary Veins > L atrium > Bicuspid Valve > L Ventricle > Aortic Semilunar Valve > Aorta > Arteries > Body cells
44
Coronary Circulation: from aorta to myocardium (heart muscle)
coronary arteries
45
Coronary Circulation: from the myocardium to the ventricle
cardiac veins
46
Coronary Disorders: blockage of the arterial walls due to the buildup of cholesterol that can lead to heart attack
atherosclerosis
47
Coronary Disorders: blood clot that breaks away from its origin and is carried to a new location; can lead to a heart attack if embows blocks a coronary artery
thromboembolism
48
how does aspirin help with the prevention and treatment of coronary diseases?
reduces the stickiness of platelets and therefore prevents clots
49
what type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
50
blood is ____ times thicker than water
5
51
the pH of blood must remain between ____ and ____
7.35-7.45
52
what are the functions of blood?
transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body
53
How much blood is in the average body?
1.2 to 1.5 gallons
54
blood contains ____ plasma and _____ cells
55%, 45%
55
a person trained to draw blood from a patient for clinical or medical testing, transfusions, donations, or research
phlebotomist
56
Composition of blood: composed of 90% water; contains nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, waste products
blood plasma
57
main function is to carry oxygen; no nucleus; concave; each one has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
erythrocytes
58
erythrocytes are also known as _____ ______ _____
red blood cells
59
Composition of blood: crucial in the body's defense against disease
leukocytes
60
leukocytes are also know as _____ ______ _____
white blood cells
61
Composition of blood: small fragments produced from ruptured cells; needed for the clotting process
platelets
62
what are platelets also called?
thrombocytes
63
Blood disorders: caused by low iron or hemoglobin
anemia
64
what are the symptoms of anemia?
fatigue, dizziness, headaches, shortness of breath
65
Blood disorders: recessive genetic disorder
sickle cell anemia
66
what are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
fatigue, bone pain, ulcers, delayed growth, shortness of breath
67
Blood disorders: recessive sex-linked bleeding disorder; blood lacks clotting factors; minor injuries can cause uncontrolled bleeding
hemophilia
68
What are the four blood types and how are they determined?
- A, B, AB, O
| - determined by antigens on our blood cells
69
What is the most common blood type?
O (45%)
70
What is the rarest blood type?
AB (4%)
71
What blood type is the universal donor?
O
72
What blood type is the universal receiver?
AB
73
What does an Rh factor mean?
- usually doesn't affect transfusions
- can cause problems for mom and fetus if different
+ or -
74
Nodal tissue: found in right atrium; initiates heartbeat every 0.85 seconds; pacemaker
SA (sinoatrial) node
75
Nodal tissue: bottom of right atrium
AV (atrioventricular) node
76
How does the heart contract in order to pump blood? (what are the steps)
1) The SA node sends out an impulse causing the atria to contract
2) The impulse reaches the AV node and travels along the AV bundle
3) The impulses travel throughout the ventricles to the Purkinje Fibers
4) Ventricles contract
77
Briefly explain the cardiac cycle
- Cardiac cycle includes all the events that occur in one heartbeat
- L & R atria contract simultaneously
- Atria relaxes then L & R ventricles contract simultaneously
78
contraction of the heart
systole
79
relaxation of the heart
diastole
80
Disorders: irregular heartbeat
arrhythmia
81
Disorders: more than 100 bpm; result is lack of blood flow to the heart; heart rate may be 100-175 bpm at rest
tachycardia
82
Disorders: less than 60 bpm; heart does not pump enough oxygen-rich blood
bradycardia
83
used to maintain a consistent heart rate when the body's natural pacemaker (SA node) is not properly functioning
pacemaker
84
stretching and recoiling of the arterial wall as blood surges through; measured at "pressure points"
pulse
85
pressure at peak of ventricular contraction
systolic
86
pressure when ventricles relax
diastolic
87
Pressure in blood vessels ______ as the distance away from the heart ______
decrease, increases
88
low BP; low systolic; often associated with illness
hypotension
89
high BP; high systolic; dangerous if it is chronic; warning sign for stroke and heart attack risk
hypertension
90
Explain the blood flow through the heart (can explain or just list the flow)
- Deoxygenated blood leaves the body cells and enters the superior and inferior vena cava
- Blood flows into the right atrium
- Blood passes through the tricuspid valve
- Blood flows into the right ventricle
- Blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve
- Blood exits the heart through the pulmonary artery
- Blood goes to the lungs to be oxygenated
- Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and enters the heart through the pulmonary veins
- Blood flows into the left atrium
- Blood passes through the bicuspid/mitral valve
- Blood flows into the left ventricle
- Blood passes through the aortic valve
- Blood leaves the heart through the aorta to bring oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
91
Describe fetal circulation in detail including the blood flow and circulatory adjustments that occur at birth
- Summarize blood flow between mom and fetus
- What adjustments occur during birth
- fetus is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord
- oxygen and nutrients from mother's blood via umbilical cord (oxygenated)
Blood Flow:
1) oxygen & nutrients transferred across placenta to fetus via umbilical cord
2) enriched blood flows through toward baby's liver
3) travels through ductus venosus
4) highly oxygenated blood flows through the inferior vena cava and then into the r. atrium
Adjustments at Birth:
- umbilical cord is clamped
- first breath inflates lungs (decreases blood flow resistance in lungs)
- ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close
