Digestive System- Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the Digestive System?
A
-mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
-absorption of nutrients
(consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs)
2
Q
long tube of organs that run from the mouth to the anus
A
Alimentary Canal
3
Q
What are the layers of the Alimentary Canal?
A
- ) Mucosa
- ) Submucosa
- ) Muscular Layer
- ) Serosa
4
Q
alimentary canal-inner layer; absorption and secretion
A
mucosa
5
Q
alimentary canal- thick and vascular; absorbed materials are picked up by blood vessels here
A
submucosa
6
Q
alimentary canal- responsible for contractions and peristalsis
A
muscular layer
7
Q
alimentary canal- lubricates surfaces to reduce friction
A
serosa
8
Q
What are the steps of digestion?
A
- ) Ingestion (eating)
- ) Propulsion (swallowing, peristalsis)
- ) Mechanical digestion (chewing, churning, segmentation)
- ) Chemical digestion (mixing with acid and enzymes)
- ) Absorption (nutrients and water)
- ) Defecation
9
Q
what type of movement is to mix food with digestive juices
A
mixing movements
10
Q
pushes food down the tube
A
peristalsis
11
Q
what type of movement is peristalsis
A
propelling movements
12
Q
begins digestion by chewing and mixing with saliva
A
mouth
13
Q
moves food, connects to floor of mouth via frenulum: has papillae
A
tongue
14
Q
forms roof of oral cavity (hard and soft); uvula
A
Palate
15
Q
back of the mouth
A
Uvula
16
Q
part of the immune system
A
Palatine Tonsils
17
Q
inflammation of the tonsils; can cause a sore throat and fever; in chronic cases, tonsillectomy may be indicated
A
tonsilitis
18
Q
- hard white formations that are located on or within the tonsils (AKA tonsilloliths)
- caused by bacteria & debris getting caught in grooves and ridges in tonsils which harden
A
Tonsil stones
19
Q
a treatment to repair and save a badly damaged or infected tooth instead of removing it
A
root canal
20
Q
What are the Salivary Glands
A
- ) Parotid Gland
- ) Submandibular Gland
- ) Sublingual Gland
21
Q
enzyme released in saliva that breaks down starch into sugars which are better absorbed; mucus cells also produce mucus for lubrication during swallowing
A
amylase
22
Q
Part of the Pharynx
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
23
Q
moves food to the stomach
A
esophagus
24
Q
opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes from the thoracic to abdominal cavity
A
esophageal hiatus
25
How many parts does the stomach have?
4
26
What are the 4 main parts of the stomach?
- Cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Pyloric antrum
27
Part of the Stomach: surrounds the opening of esophagus into stomach
cardia
28
Part of the Stomach: enlarged portion to the left and above cardia
fundus
29
Part of the Stomach: Aka corpus; central part; greater and lesser curvature
body
30
Part of the Stomach: lower portion above the duodenum
pyloric antrum
31
What are the two sphincters in the stomach?
- caridac sphincter
| - pyloric sphincter
32
Aka esophageal sphincter; located at distal end of esophagus; protects against reflux
cardia sphincter
33
divides stomach from small intestine; controls passage of food and digestive juices from stomach into duodenum
pyloric sphincter
34
what prevents the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus
35
most important digestive enzyme for breaking down food; located in the stomach
pepsin
36
paste, after food has been broken down, released then into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter valve
Rugae
37
secretes pancreatic enzymes to break down foods; also secretes hormones
pancreas
38
enzymes that break down fats
lipase
39
enzymes that break down proteins
protease
40
enzymes that break down starches
amylase
41
hormone that helps your body use sugar
insulin
42
hormone that raises sugar when needed
glucagon
43
hormone that stimulates stomach to make gastric acid
gastrin
44
hormone that controls appetite and stomach emptying
amylin
45
located under the liver in RUQ; it contracts to release bile into the small intestines when we eat
gallbladder
46
What is the function of the gallbladder?
storage and secretion of bile
47
thick green, yellow, or brown liquid produced by the liver
bile
48
has 1 large right lobe and 1 smaller left lobe
liver
49
What are the functions of the liver?
1. ) Produces BILE for fat breakdown
2. ) Produce ALBUMIN (protein that carries hormones, drugs, and fatty acids
3. ) Produces SUBSTANCES for BLOOD CLOTTING
4. ) Processes BILIRUBIN (breakdown of RBCs)
5. ) Process NUTRIENTS absorbed from small intestines
6. ) REMOVES WASTES (alcohol, medicine)
7. ) Controls IMMUNE RESPONSES (destroys bacteria, viruses, etc.)
8. ) Helps CONTROL GLUCOSE
50
- consists of liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and ducts
- functions to produce, store, secrete, and transport bile
- cystic duct (gallbladder) and hepatic duct (liver) join to form the Common Bile Duct which empties into the duodenum
Biliary System
51
procedure used for newborn or premature infants
using Bili lights
52
extends from pylorus to ileocecal valve
small intestines
53
What is the main function of the small intestine?
absorption of nutrients
54
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
1. ) Duodenum
2. ) Jejunum
3. ) Ileum
55
supports coils of small intestine and contains blood vessels
mesentery
56
fused peritoneal folds that attach the abdominal organs with one another; a curtain of fatty tissue that hangs down from our stomach and liver and wraps around the intestines; known to play a role in immune responses and metabolism
omenta
57
how many omenta are there and what are they?
2; greater omentum and lesser omentum
58
- attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon (covers intestines like an apron)
- protects organs
Greater Omentum
59
- attaches stomach and liver
| - contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes
Lesser Omentum
60
increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Intestinal villi
61
What is are the functions of the Large Intestine?
1. ) Secrete mucus
2. ) Reabsorb water
3. ) Hold bacteria to help digestion (intestinal flora)
4. ) Mass movements (defecation)
62
What are the four parts of the large intestine?
1. ) Cecum
2. ) Colon
3. ) Rectum
4. ) Anus
63
Start of the large intestine- has appendix
cecum
64
what are the four sections of the colon (in order)?
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
65
stores waste before defecation
rectum
66
muscular sphincter which controls exit of waste
anus
67
- located off cecum
- function is unknown
- some think it stores bacteria, some think its a vestigial organ)
- notorious for becoming inflamed, and sometimes rupturing
appendix
68
organ that was once used, but is no longer used
vestigial organ
69
doctor specialized in the GI tract
Gastroenterologist
70
a condition caused by lack of Vitamin C
scurvy
71
What does GERD stand for?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
72
- AKA acid reflux
- affect esophageal sphincter
- stomach acid flows back into the esophagus causing irritation
GERD
73
failure to reabsorb water in the large intestine, which leads to watery stool
Dysentery or DIarrhea
74
What can diarrhea lead to?
dehydration
75
causes of Dysentery or Diarrhea include...
- Parasitic Infection
- Bacterial Infection
- Viruses
- Food Allergy or intolerance
76
a generic name used to describe vomiting and diarrhea (stomach flu)
Gastroenteritis
77
- type of bacteria that causes diarrhea, leading to massive loss of water that can be fatal
- bacteria is transmitted through unclean water sources and contaminated food
Cholera
78
When something upsets the balance of these organisms in your gut, otherwise harmless bacteria can grow out of control and make you sick.
microorganisms (microbiome)
79
the average human digestive tract is home to as many as ________ species of microorganisms
1,000
80
One of the worst Microbiomes is a bacterium called __________
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
81
- caused by eating food or water infected with a virus called HAV
- does not lead to chronic illness
- there is a vaccine
Hepatitis A
82
- spread by contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluid
- some people never develop symptoms, others develop chronic symptoms
- there is a vaccine
Hepatitis B
83
- caused by the virus HCV
- causes liver swelling and damage that can lead to cancer (like Hep B)
- most people who have Hep C develop chronic infection which can lead to cirrhosis
- No vaccine but there is treatment
Hepatitis C
84
Scarring of the liver
cirrhosis
85
- affects 10-15% of adults; affects women more
- does not cause inflammation
- causes constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain
- can be helped with lifestyle changes
- considered a syndrome, not a disease
- does not lead to cancer; does not show diagnostic images
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
86
- disease, not a syndrome
- can cause destructive inflammation and permanent harm to the intestines
- the disease can be seen during diagnostic imaging
- increased risk for colon cancer
- no cure
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
87
- type of inflammatory bowel disease
- chronic inflammation
- no cure but there are treatments to help symptoms
Crohn's Disease
88
What are some symptoms of Crohn's disease?
```
abdominal pain
fatigue
no appetite
pain with BMs
blood in stool
diarrhea
weight loss
constipation
```
89
know stomach ulcers from notes
:)
90
-waste moves too slowly; difficulty in emptying the bowels, usually associated with hardened stool
Constipation
91
Symptoms of chronic constipation include...
- passing fewer than 3 stools a week
- lumpy or hard stools
- straining during BM
- feeling as though you can't completely empty stool
92
- swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum
| - may result from straining during bowel movements or from the increased pressure on these veins during pregnancy
hemorrhoids
93
- inability to digest lactose because they lack lactose
| - can cause stomach upset, diarrhea, and abdominal pains
Lactose Intolerance
94
- symptoms appear when they eat gluten
| - immune system reacts and causes damage to the villi in the small intestines
Celiac Disease
95
- when the appendix becomes inflamed
- can lead to rupture
- occurs when the appendix is blocked by stool
- can be caused by bacteria, virus, or parasites
Appendicitis
96
occurs when an organ or other piece of tissue protrudes through a weakening in one of the muscle walls that enclose the abdominal cavity
hernia
97
made from cholesterol and other things found in bile; most common treatment is surgery
Gallstones (cholelithiasis)
98
lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being able to use the food that one does eat
malnutrition
99
results from lack of vitamin C
Scurvy
100
results from lack of vitamin D
Rickets
101
BMI is 30 or more
Obesity
102
based on height and weight
Body Mass Index (BMI)
103
Treatments for Obesity
Gastric Bypass, Lap Band
104
Problems with swallowing
dysphagia
105
-when food or other objects enter the airway
aspiration
106
What glands produce amylase?
Salivary glands
