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Anatomy > Digestive System- Anatomy > Flashcards

Digestive System- Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Digestive System?

A

-mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
-absorption of nutrients
(consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs)

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2
Q

long tube of organs that run from the mouth to the anus

A

Alimentary Canal

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3
Q

What are the layers of the Alimentary Canal?

A
  1. ) Mucosa
  2. ) Submucosa
  3. ) Muscular Layer
  4. ) Serosa
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4
Q

alimentary canal-inner layer; absorption and secretion

A

mucosa

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5
Q

alimentary canal- thick and vascular; absorbed materials are picked up by blood vessels here

A

submucosa

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6
Q

alimentary canal- responsible for contractions and peristalsis

A

muscular layer

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7
Q

alimentary canal- lubricates surfaces to reduce friction

A

serosa

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8
Q

What are the steps of digestion?

A
  1. ) Ingestion (eating)
  2. ) Propulsion (swallowing, peristalsis)
  3. ) Mechanical digestion (chewing, churning, segmentation)
  4. ) Chemical digestion (mixing with acid and enzymes)
  5. ) Absorption (nutrients and water)
  6. ) Defecation
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9
Q

what type of movement is to mix food with digestive juices

A

mixing movements

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10
Q

pushes food down the tube

A

peristalsis

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11
Q

what type of movement is peristalsis

A

propelling movements

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12
Q

begins digestion by chewing and mixing with saliva

A

mouth

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13
Q

moves food, connects to floor of mouth via frenulum: has papillae

A

tongue

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14
Q

forms roof of oral cavity (hard and soft); uvula

A

Palate

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15
Q

back of the mouth

A

Uvula

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16
Q

part of the immune system

A

Palatine Tonsils

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17
Q

inflammation of the tonsils; can cause a sore throat and fever; in chronic cases, tonsillectomy may be indicated

A

tonsilitis

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18
Q
  • hard white formations that are located on or within the tonsils (AKA tonsilloliths)
  • caused by bacteria & debris getting caught in grooves and ridges in tonsils which harden
A

Tonsil stones

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19
Q

a treatment to repair and save a badly damaged or infected tooth instead of removing it

A

root canal

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20
Q

What are the Salivary Glands

A
  1. ) Parotid Gland
  2. ) Submandibular Gland
  3. ) Sublingual Gland
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21
Q

enzyme released in saliva that breaks down starch into sugars which are better absorbed; mucus cells also produce mucus for lubrication during swallowing

A

amylase

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22
Q

Part of the Pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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23
Q

moves food to the stomach

A

esophagus

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24
Q

opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes from the thoracic to abdominal cavity

A

esophageal hiatus

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25
Q

How many parts does the stomach have?

A

4

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26
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pyloric antrum
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27
Q

Part of the Stomach: surrounds the opening of esophagus into stomach

A

cardia

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28
Q

Part of the Stomach: enlarged portion to the left and above cardia

A

fundus

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29
Q

Part of the Stomach: Aka corpus; central part; greater and lesser curvature

A

body

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30
Q

Part of the Stomach: lower portion above the duodenum

A

pyloric antrum

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31
Q

What are the two sphincters in the stomach?

A
  • caridac sphincter

- pyloric sphincter

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32
Q

Aka esophageal sphincter; located at distal end of esophagus; protects against reflux

A

cardia sphincter

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33
Q

divides stomach from small intestine; controls passage of food and digestive juices from stomach into duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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34
Q

what prevents the stomach from digesting itself?

A

mucus

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35
Q

most important digestive enzyme for breaking down food; located in the stomach

A

pepsin

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36
Q

paste, after food has been broken down, released then into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter valve

A

Rugae

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37
Q

secretes pancreatic enzymes to break down foods; also secretes hormones

A

pancreas

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38
Q

enzymes that break down fats

A

lipase

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39
Q

enzymes that break down proteins

A

protease

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40
Q

enzymes that break down starches

A

amylase

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41
Q

hormone that helps your body use sugar

A

insulin

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42
Q

hormone that raises sugar when needed

A

glucagon

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43
Q

hormone that stimulates stomach to make gastric acid

A

gastrin

44
Q

hormone that controls appetite and stomach emptying

A

amylin

45
Q

located under the liver in RUQ; it contracts to release bile into the small intestines when we eat

A

gallbladder

46
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

storage and secretion of bile

47
Q

thick green, yellow, or brown liquid produced by the liver

A

bile

48
Q

has 1 large right lobe and 1 smaller left lobe

A

liver

49
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  1. ) Produces BILE for fat breakdown
  2. ) Produce ALBUMIN (protein that carries hormones, drugs, and fatty acids
  3. ) Produces SUBSTANCES for BLOOD CLOTTING
  4. ) Processes BILIRUBIN (breakdown of RBCs)
  5. ) Process NUTRIENTS absorbed from small intestines
  6. ) REMOVES WASTES (alcohol, medicine)
  7. ) Controls IMMUNE RESPONSES (destroys bacteria, viruses, etc.)
  8. ) Helps CONTROL GLUCOSE
50
Q
  • consists of liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and ducts
  • functions to produce, store, secrete, and transport bile
  • cystic duct (gallbladder) and hepatic duct (liver) join to form the Common Bile Duct which empties into the duodenum
A

Biliary System

51
Q

procedure used for newborn or premature infants

A

using Bili lights

52
Q

extends from pylorus to ileocecal valve

A

small intestines

53
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

absorption of nutrients

54
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. ) Duodenum
  2. ) Jejunum
  3. ) Ileum
55
Q

supports coils of small intestine and contains blood vessels

A

mesentery

56
Q

fused peritoneal folds that attach the abdominal organs with one another; a curtain of fatty tissue that hangs down from our stomach and liver and wraps around the intestines; known to play a role in immune responses and metabolism

A

omenta

57
Q

how many omenta are there and what are they?

A

2; greater omentum and lesser omentum

58
Q
  • attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon (covers intestines like an apron)
  • protects organs
A

Greater Omentum

59
Q
  • attaches stomach and liver

- contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes

A

Lesser Omentum

60
Q

increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

A

Intestinal villi

61
Q

What is are the functions of the Large Intestine?

A
  1. ) Secrete mucus
  2. ) Reabsorb water
  3. ) Hold bacteria to help digestion (intestinal flora)
  4. ) Mass movements (defecation)
62
Q

What are the four parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. ) Cecum
  2. ) Colon
  3. ) Rectum
  4. ) Anus
63
Q

Start of the large intestine- has appendix

A

cecum

64
Q

what are the four sections of the colon (in order)?

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

65
Q

stores waste before defecation

A

rectum

66
Q

muscular sphincter which controls exit of waste

A

anus

67
Q
  • located off cecum
  • function is unknown
  • some think it stores bacteria, some think its a vestigial organ)
  • notorious for becoming inflamed, and sometimes rupturing
A

appendix

68
Q

organ that was once used, but is no longer used

A

vestigial organ

69
Q

doctor specialized in the GI tract

A

Gastroenterologist

70
Q

a condition caused by lack of Vitamin C

A

scurvy

71
Q

What does GERD stand for?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

72
Q
  • AKA acid reflux
  • affect esophageal sphincter
  • stomach acid flows back into the esophagus causing irritation
A

GERD

73
Q

failure to reabsorb water in the large intestine, which leads to watery stool

A

Dysentery or DIarrhea

74
Q

What can diarrhea lead to?

A

dehydration

75
Q

causes of Dysentery or Diarrhea include…

A
  • Parasitic Infection
  • Bacterial Infection
  • Viruses
  • Food Allergy or intolerance
76
Q

a generic name used to describe vomiting and diarrhea (stomach flu)

A

Gastroenteritis

77
Q
  • type of bacteria that causes diarrhea, leading to massive loss of water that can be fatal
  • bacteria is transmitted through unclean water sources and contaminated food
A

Cholera

78
Q

When something upsets the balance of these organisms in your gut, otherwise harmless bacteria can grow out of control and make you sick.

A

microorganisms (microbiome)

79
Q

the average human digestive tract is home to as many as ________ species of microorganisms

A

1,000

80
Q

One of the worst Microbiomes is a bacterium called __________

A

Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

81
Q
  • caused by eating food or water infected with a virus called HAV
  • does not lead to chronic illness
  • there is a vaccine
A

Hepatitis A

82
Q
  • spread by contact with an infected person’s blood, semen, or other body fluid
  • some people never develop symptoms, others develop chronic symptoms
  • there is a vaccine
A

Hepatitis B

83
Q
  • caused by the virus HCV
  • causes liver swelling and damage that can lead to cancer (like Hep B)
  • most people who have Hep C develop chronic infection which can lead to cirrhosis
  • No vaccine but there is treatment
A

Hepatitis C

84
Q

Scarring of the liver

A

cirrhosis

85
Q
  • affects 10-15% of adults; affects women more
  • does not cause inflammation
  • causes constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain
  • can be helped with lifestyle changes
  • considered a syndrome, not a disease
  • does not lead to cancer; does not show diagnostic images
A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

86
Q
  • disease, not a syndrome
  • can cause destructive inflammation and permanent harm to the intestines
  • the disease can be seen during diagnostic imaging
  • increased risk for colon cancer
  • no cure
A

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

87
Q
  • type of inflammatory bowel disease
  • chronic inflammation
  • no cure but there are treatments to help symptoms
A

Crohn’s Disease

88
Q

What are some symptoms of Crohn’s disease?

A 
abdominal pain
fatigue
no appetite
pain with BMs
blood in stool
diarrhea
weight loss
constipation
89
Q

know stomach ulcers from notes

A

:)

90
Q

-waste moves too slowly; difficulty in emptying the bowels, usually associated with hardened stool

A

Constipation

91
Q

Symptoms of chronic constipation include…

A
  • passing fewer than 3 stools a week
  • lumpy or hard stools
  • straining during BM
  • feeling as though you can’t completely empty stool
92
Q
  • swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum

- may result from straining during bowel movements or from the increased pressure on these veins during pregnancy

A

hemorrhoids

93
Q
  • inability to digest lactose because they lack lactose

- can cause stomach upset, diarrhea, and abdominal pains

A

Lactose Intolerance

94
Q
  • symptoms appear when they eat gluten

- immune system reacts and causes damage to the villi in the small intestines

A

Celiac Disease

95
Q
  • when the appendix becomes inflamed
  • can lead to rupture
  • occurs when the appendix is blocked by stool
  • can be caused by bacteria, virus, or parasites
A

Appendicitis

96
Q

occurs when an organ or other piece of tissue protrudes through a weakening in one of the muscle walls that enclose the abdominal cavity

A

hernia

97
Q

made from cholesterol and other things found in bile; most common treatment is surgery

A

Gallstones (cholelithiasis)

98
Q

lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being able to use the food that one does eat

A

malnutrition

99
Q

results from lack of vitamin C

A

Scurvy

100
Q

results from lack of vitamin D

A

Rickets

101
Q

BMI is 30 or more

A

Obesity

102
Q

based on height and weight

A

Body Mass Index (BMI)

103
Q

Treatments for Obesity

A

Gastric Bypass, Lap Band

104
Q

Problems with swallowing

A

dysphagia

105
Q

-when food or other objects enter the airway

A

aspiration

106
Q

What glands produce amylase?

A

Salivary glands

Anatomy (18 decks)

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