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Physiology > urinary system > Flashcards

urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

structures of urinary system

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

function of urinary system: regulation of the volume and composition of body fluids. how does the urinary system do this?

A

regulating the excretion of water and NaCl

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3
Q

retaining water does what to blood pressure

A

increase

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4
Q

eliminating water does what to blood pressure

A

decrease

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5
Q

function of urinary system: urinary system regulates several important ions and electrolytes, if intake exceeds excretion: what happens to that electrolyte

A

increase

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6
Q

function of urinary system: urinary system regulates several important ions, if excretion exceeds intake what happens to that electrolyte

A

decrease

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7
Q

what is an electrolyte

A

an ion in a solution that conducts electricity

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8
Q

function of urinary system: regulation of pH balance. what organs play a key role in regulation?

A

kidneys

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9
Q

how do kidneys regulate pH balance?

A

excretion of Hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate

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10
Q

function of urinary system: hormone production and secretion. kidneys secrete what 3 enzymes?

A

erythropoietin, calcitriol, renin

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11
Q

enzyme that stimulates red blood cell production

A

erythropoietin

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12
Q

the active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

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13
Q

enzyme that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldersterone system

A

renin

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14
Q

content of urine, waste products from protein metabolism

A

ammonia and urea

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15
Q

content of urine: waste product from breakdown of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

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16
Q

content of urine: waste product from breakdown of nucleic acids

A

uric acid

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17
Q

content of urine: waste product from skeletal muscle

A

creatinine

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18
Q

with hypoglycemia, kidneys can produce and release this into the blood stream

A

glucose

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19
Q

retroperitoneal organs, located between T12 and L3, partially protected by ribs 11 and 12

A

kidneys

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20
Q

superficial layer of kidneys

A

renal cortex

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21
Q

inner portion of kidneys

A

renal medulla

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22
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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23
Q

3 parts of the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (nephron loop), distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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24
Q

what percentage of resting cardiac output do the kidneys get?

A

20-25%

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25
Q

blood flow to and from the kidneys is supplied by what vessels?

A

renal artery and vein

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26
Q

movement of fluid motivated by pressure

A

filtration

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27
Q

a tangled ball-like network of capillaries in the kidney

A

glomerulus

28
Q

blood vessel that brings blood into the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

29
Q

at the level of the glomerulus, water and solutes in blood plasma are filtered through this structure

A

glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

30
Q

blood vessel that carries blood from the glomerulus into another capillary network

A

efferent arteriole

31
Q

water, solutes, and blood plasma are filtered through the glomerular capsule and unto what vessel?

A

renal tubule

32
Q

the efferent arteriole leads to these vessels that ultimately merge to form the renal vein which leaves the kidney

A

peritubular capillaries

33
Q

fluid that enters the capsular space of the glomerular capsule

A

glomerular filtrate

34
Q

fluid produced by the kidneys that contains wastes and excess materials

A

urine

35
Q

what happens to most of the water and useful solutes in the peritubular capillaries

A

re-absorbed and returned to the blood

36
Q

name for amount of glomerular filtrate formed per minute. indicator of kidney function, is fairly constant under normal conditions

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

37
Q

how does the glomerular filtration rate affect urine production?

A

higher: increased, lower: decreased

38
Q

in what 2 ways does the body regulate GFR?

A

adjusting blood flow in and out of glomerulus, altering capillary surface area available for filtration

39
Q

names for the 3 specific methods of GFR regulation

A

renal auto-regulation, neural regulation, hormonal regulation

40
Q

what happens to wastes in the kidneys?

A

drawn from peritubular capillaries and secreted into filtrate for removal from body

41
Q

form of renal auto-regulation of GFR: increase of blood pressure increases renal blood flow, also stretches the walls of the afferent arterioles. this stretching triggers the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the afferent arterioles. vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and reduces GFR to previous level. The opposite happens with a decrease in blood pressure

A

myogenic mechanism

42
Q

form of renal auto-regulation of GFR: increase of blood pressure increases renal blood flow, which also increases sodium, chloride, and water in tubular fluid. this triggers vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and reduces GFR to previous level. The opposite happens with a decrease in blood pressure

A

tubuloglumerular feedback

43
Q

regulation of GFR: kidney blood vessels get sympathetic nervous system innervation. activation causes vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles, with the afferent constricting more. this reduces GFR and helps redirect blood flow to other tissues

A

neural regulation of GFR

44
Q

regulation of GFR: amgiotensin II reduces GFR and atrial natriuretic peptide increases GFR.

A

hormonal regulation of GFR

45
Q

hormone in regulation of GFR. strong vasoconstrictor of both afferent and efferent arterioles. stimulates the release of aldosterone

A

angiotensin II

46
Q

hormone in regulation of GFR: released byt the heart in response to atrial stretching

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

47
Q

when does re-absorption and secretion occur in the kidneys?

A

once the filtrate is formed

48
Q

enzyme secreted by kidneys due to decreased blood pressure

A

renin

49
Q

what does renin do?

A

convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.

50
Q

angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II at the lungs by what enzyme?

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

51
Q

hormone that causes increased re-absorption of sodium, chloride, and water

A

aldosterone

52
Q

hormone that increases excretion of sodium and water

A

ANP

53
Q

hormone that increases water reabsorption

A

ADH

54
Q

hormone that increases reabsorption of calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

55
Q

structure, 1 exiting from each kidney. collecting ducts collect and form larger and larger pathways

A

ureter

56
Q

how is urine moved from the ureter to the bladder?

A

peristaltic contractions

57
Q

hollow muscular organ that sits posterior to the pubic symphysis, anterior to the rectum, and inferior to the uterus

A

bladder

58
Q

controls the flow of urine from the bladder to the urethra

A

internal urethral sphincter

59
Q

tube from the floor of the bladder to the exterior

A

urethra

60
Q

part of the pelvic floor muscle, controls the flow of urine out of the urethra

A

external urethral sphincter

61
Q

the discharge of urine

A

urination/voiding/micturition

62
Q

pressure within the bladder stimulates stretch receptors which initiate a reflex via the parasympathetic nervous system, this signal causes what?

A

the bladder contracts, internal sphincter relaxes

63
Q

lack of voluntary control over urination. can be caused by increased abdominal pressure, nerve damage, aging, disease/injury, some medications, smoking

A

incontinece

64
Q

artificial cleaning of blood

A

dialysis

65
Q

substances that decrease the reabsorption of water

A

diuretic

Physiology (12 decks)

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