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urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

structures of urinary system

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

function of urinary system: regulation of the volume and composition of body fluids. how does the urinary system do this?

A

regulating the excretion of water and NaCl

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3
Q

retaining water does what to blood pressure

A

increase

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4
Q

eliminating water does what to blood pressure

A

decrease

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5
Q

function of urinary system: urinary system regulates several important ions and electrolytes, if intake exceeds excretion: what happens to that electrolyte

A

increase

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6
Q

function of urinary system: urinary system regulates several important ions, if excretion exceeds intake what happens to that electrolyte

A

decrease

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7
Q

what is an electrolyte

A

an ion in a solution that conducts electricity

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8
Q

function of urinary system: regulation of pH balance. what organs play a key role in regulation?

A

kidneys

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9
Q

how do kidneys regulate pH balance?

A

excretion of Hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate

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10
Q

function of urinary system: hormone production and secretion. kidneys secrete what 3 enzymes?

A

erythropoietin, calcitriol, renin

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11
Q

enzyme that stimulates red blood cell production

A

erythropoietin

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12
Q

the active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

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13
Q

enzyme that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldersterone system

A

renin

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14
Q

content of urine, waste products from protein metabolism

A

ammonia and urea

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15
Q

content of urine: waste product from breakdown of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

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16
Q

content of urine: waste product from breakdown of nucleic acids

A

uric acid

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17
Q

content of urine: waste product from skeletal muscle

A

creatinine

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18
Q

with hypoglycemia, kidneys can produce and release this into the blood stream

A

glucose

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19
Q

retroperitoneal organs, located between T12 and L3, partially protected by ribs 11 and 12

A

kidneys

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20
Q

superficial layer of kidneys

A

renal cortex

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21
Q

inner portion of kidneys

A

renal medulla

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22
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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23
Q

3 parts of the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (nephron loop), distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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24
Q

what percentage of resting cardiac output do the kidneys get?

A

20-25%

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25
blood flow to and from the kidneys is supplied by what vessels?
renal artery and vein
26
movement of fluid motivated by pressure
filtration
27
a tangled ball-like network of capillaries in the kidney
glomerulus
28
blood vessel that brings blood into the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
29
at the level of the glomerulus, water and solutes in blood plasma are filtered through this structure
glomerular (bowman's) capsule
30
blood vessel that carries blood from the glomerulus into another capillary network
efferent arteriole
31
water, solutes, and blood plasma are filtered through the glomerular capsule and unto what vessel?
renal tubule
32
the efferent arteriole leads to these vessels that ultimately merge to form the renal vein which leaves the kidney
peritubular capillaries
33
fluid that enters the capsular space of the glomerular capsule
glomerular filtrate
34
fluid produced by the kidneys that contains wastes and excess materials
urine
35
what happens to most of the water and useful solutes in the peritubular capillaries
re-absorbed and returned to the blood
36
name for amount of glomerular filtrate formed per minute. indicator of kidney function, is fairly constant under normal conditions
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
37
how does the glomerular filtration rate affect urine production?
higher: increased, lower: decreased
38
in what 2 ways does the body regulate GFR?
adjusting blood flow in and out of glomerulus, altering capillary surface area available for filtration
39
names for the 3 specific methods of GFR regulation
renal auto-regulation, neural regulation, hormonal regulation
40
what happens to wastes in the kidneys?
drawn from peritubular capillaries and secreted into filtrate for removal from body
41
form of renal auto-regulation of GFR: increase of blood pressure increases renal blood flow, also stretches the walls of the afferent arterioles. this stretching triggers the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the afferent arterioles. vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and reduces GFR to previous level. The opposite happens with a decrease in blood pressure
myogenic mechanism
42
form of renal auto-regulation of GFR: increase of blood pressure increases renal blood flow, which also increases sodium, chloride, and water in tubular fluid. this triggers vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and reduces GFR to previous level. The opposite happens with a decrease in blood pressure
tubuloglumerular feedback
43
regulation of GFR: kidney blood vessels get sympathetic nervous system innervation. activation causes vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles, with the afferent constricting more. this reduces GFR and helps redirect blood flow to other tissues
neural regulation of GFR
44
regulation of GFR: amgiotensin II reduces GFR and atrial natriuretic peptide increases GFR.
hormonal regulation of GFR
45
hormone in regulation of GFR. strong vasoconstrictor of both afferent and efferent arterioles. stimulates the release of aldosterone
angiotensin II
46
hormone in regulation of GFR: released byt the heart in response to atrial stretching
atrial natriuretic peptide
47
when does re-absorption and secretion occur in the kidneys?
once the filtrate is formed
48
enzyme secreted by kidneys due to decreased blood pressure
renin
49
what does renin do?
convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
50
angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II at the lungs by what enzyme?
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
51
hormone that causes increased re-absorption of sodium, chloride, and water
aldosterone
52
hormone that increases excretion of sodium and water
ANP
53
hormone that increases water reabsorption
ADH
54
hormone that increases reabsorption of calcium
parathyroid hormone
55
structure, 1 exiting from each kidney. collecting ducts collect and form larger and larger pathways
ureter
56
how is urine moved from the ureter to the bladder?
peristaltic contractions
57
hollow muscular organ that sits posterior to the pubic symphysis, anterior to the rectum, and inferior to the uterus
bladder
58
controls the flow of urine from the bladder to the urethra
internal urethral sphincter
59
tube from the floor of the bladder to the exterior
urethra
60
part of the pelvic floor muscle, controls the flow of urine out of the urethra
external urethral sphincter
61
the discharge of urine
urination/voiding/micturition
62
pressure within the bladder stimulates stretch receptors which initiate a reflex via the parasympathetic nervous system, this signal causes what?
the bladder contracts, internal sphincter relaxes
63
lack of voluntary control over urination. can be caused by increased abdominal pressure, nerve damage, aging, disease/injury, some medications, smoking
incontinece
64
artificial cleaning of blood
dialysis
65
substances that decrease the reabsorption of water
diuretic

Physiology (12 decks)

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