respiratory system

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and body cells

Question 2

flow of air into the lungs

Answer 2

inhalation/inspiration

Question 3

flow of air out of the lungs

Answer 3

exhalation/expiration

Question 4

exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane

Answer 4

pulmonary respiration

Question 5

exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells

Answer 5

tissue respiration

Question 6

metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide in the production of ATP

Answer 6

cellular respiration

Question 7

the act of breathing through inhalation and exhalation

Answer 7

pulmonary ventilation

Question 8

structures of the upper respiratory system

Answer 8

nose, pharynx

Question 9

structures of the lower respiratory system

Answer 9

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 10

functional division of respiratory system. structures: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles. functions: filter, warm, and moisten air. conduct it into the lungs. receive olfactory stimuli. sound generation for speech

Answer 10

conducting zone

Question 11

functional division of respiratory system. structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli. function: gas exchange

Answer 11

respiratory zone

Question 12

structure of respiratory system: houses olfactory receptors, rich blood supply, sticky mucous traps particulate, ciliated cells move the mucous to the throat where it is swallowed and digested

Answer 12

the nose

Question 13

structure of respiratory system: funnel-shaped tube just behind the nasal cavity and above the larynx. functions: passageway for air and food, resonating chamber for sounds, housing for tonsils. at inferior end, it opens into the esophagus (posteriorly) and larynx (anteriorly)

Answer 13

the pharynx

Question 14

structure of respiratory system: inferior to where the pharynx divides. epiglottis protects the top. functions: voice production (vocal folds). connects to trachea (inferiorly)

Answer 14

the larynx

Question 15

structure of respiratory system: anterior to esophagus. fairly rigid, C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage reinforce and support its shape. lined with mucous membrane to filter particulate. cilia sweep particulate out to the throat for expectoration or digestion

Answer 15

the trachea

Question 16

structure of respiratory system: divides into left and right primary branches into the lungs

Answer 16

bronchi

Question 17

an internal ridge where the trachea divides, one of the most sensitive areas of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex

Answer 17

carina

Question 18

structure of respiratory system: 2 organs separated by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum.

Answer 18

lungs

Question 19

the region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, extends from the sternum to the vertebrae and from the 1st rib to the clavicle

Answer 19

mediastinum

Question 20

number of secondary bronchi in right and left lungs

Answer 20

3 on right, 2 on left

Question 21

bronchi subdivision into these smaller units

Answer 21

secondary bronchi, tertiariy bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 22

cup-shaped outpouching lined with simple squamous epithelium supported by a thin elastic basement menbrane

Answer 22

alveoli

Question 23

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening

Answer 23

alveolar sac

Question 24

cells for gas exchange (simple squamous epithelium), cells for fluid secretion to keep cells moist - fluid contains surfactant which reduces surface tension of the fluid which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse, macrophages remove dust, fibroblasts make reticular and elastic fibres

Answer 24

alveolar cells

Question 25

structure that surrounds alveoli for blood supply

Answer 25

capillaries

Question 26

structures the alveolar and capillary walls

Answer 26

alveolar epithelium, basement membrane underlying alveolar epithelium, basement mebrane underlying endolethium, endolethium

Question 27

gas exchanges happen through simple diffusion across what structure, made of the alveolar and capillary walls?

Answer 27

respiratory membrane

Question 28

most of the oxygen is carried from the lungs to body tissues bound to ______

Answer 28

hemoglobin

Question 29

most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in what form?

Answer 29

bicarbonate

Question 30

name of carbon dioxide being carried attached to hemoglobin

Answer 30

carboxyhemoglobin

Question 31

double layered serous membrane that encloses each lung

Answer 31

pleural membrane

Question 32

layer of pleural membrane that covers the lungs

Answer 32

visceral pleura

Question 33

layer of the pleural membrane that covers the inside of the thoracic cavity

Answer 33

parietal pleura

Question 34

space between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains lubricating fluid

Answer 34

pleural cavity

Question 35

contraction expands the lungs and thoracic cage, thoracic volume increases, thoracic pressure decreases, air rushes in to normalize the pressure

Answer 35

inhalation

Question 36

a passive process (when at rest), muscles relax, elastic recoil of thoracic cage, thoracic volume decreases, thoracic pressure increases, air rushes out to normalize the pressure

Answer 36

exhalation

Question 37

term meaning "wall"

Answer 37

parietal

Question 38

largest volume of air that can be brought into the lungs

Answer 38

forced vital capacity (FVC)

Question 39

the volume of air that can be exhaled in one second after maximal inhalation

Answer 39

forced expiratory volume (FEV₁)

Question 40

volume of air in one regular breath

Answer 40

tidal volume (Vₜ)

Question 41

structure of respiratory system control: respiratory control centre (in the brain stem) controls the rhythm and rate of breathing, chentral chemoreceptors detect rising concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen and respond by increasing ventilation

Answer 41

central control

Question 42

structure of respiratory system control: located in the carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta. respond to rising carbon dioxide and hydrogen concentrations and/or dropping oxygen concentrations and respond by increasing ventilation

Answer 42

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 43

parts of the brain that control breathing

Answer 43

pons, medulla oblongata