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Physiology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration

A

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and body cells

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2
Q

flow of air into the lungs

A

inhalation/inspiration

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3
Q

flow of air out of the lungs

A

exhalation/expiration

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4
Q

exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane

A

pulmonary respiration

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5
Q

exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells

A

tissue respiration

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6
Q

metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide in the production of ATP

A

cellular respiration

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7
Q

the act of breathing through inhalation and exhalation

A

pulmonary ventilation

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8
Q

structures of the upper respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx

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9
Q

structures of the lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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10
Q

functional division of respiratory system. structures: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles. functions: filter, warm, and moisten air. conduct it into the lungs. receive olfactory stimuli. sound generation for speech

A

conducting zone

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11
Q

functional division of respiratory system. structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli. function: gas exchange

A

respiratory zone

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12
Q

structure of respiratory system: houses olfactory receptors, rich blood supply, sticky mucous traps particulate, ciliated cells move the mucous to the throat where it is swallowed and digested

A

the nose

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13
Q

structure of respiratory system: funnel-shaped tube just behind the nasal cavity and above the larynx. functions: passageway for air and food, resonating chamber for sounds, housing for tonsils. at inferior end, it opens into the esophagus (posteriorly) and larynx (anteriorly)

A

the pharynx

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14
Q

structure of respiratory system: inferior to where the pharynx divides. epiglottis protects the top. functions: voice production (vocal folds). connects to trachea (inferiorly)

A

the larynx

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15
Q

structure of respiratory system: anterior to esophagus. fairly rigid, C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage reinforce and support its shape. lined with mucous membrane to filter particulate. cilia sweep particulate out to the throat for expectoration or digestion

A

the trachea

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16
Q

structure of respiratory system: divides into left and right primary branches into the lungs

A

bronchi

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17
Q

an internal ridge where the trachea divides, one of the most sensitive areas of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex

A

carina

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18
Q

structure of respiratory system: 2 organs separated by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum.

A

lungs

19
Q

the region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, extends from the sternum to the vertebrae and from the 1st rib to the clavicle

A

mediastinum

20
Q

number of secondary bronchi in right and left lungs

A

3 on right, 2 on left

21
Q

bronchi subdivision into these smaller units

A

secondary bronchi, tertiariy bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

22
Q

cup-shaped outpouching lined with simple squamous epithelium supported by a thin elastic basement menbrane

A

alveoli

23
Q

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening

A

alveolar sac

24
Q

cells for gas exchange (simple squamous epithelium), cells for fluid secretion to keep cells moist - fluid contains surfactant which reduces surface tension of the fluid which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse, macrophages remove dust, fibroblasts make reticular and elastic fibres

A

alveolar cells

25
Q

structure that surrounds alveoli for blood supply

A

capillaries

26
Q

structures the alveolar and capillary walls

A

alveolar epithelium, basement membrane underlying alveolar epithelium, basement mebrane underlying endolethium, endolethium

27
Q

gas exchanges happen through simple diffusion across what structure, made of the alveolar and capillary walls?

A

respiratory membrane

28
Q

most of the oxygen is carried from the lungs to body tissues bound to ______

A

hemoglobin

29
Q

most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in what form?

A

bicarbonate

30
Q

name of carbon dioxide being carried attached to hemoglobin

A

carboxyhemoglobin

31
Q

double layered serous membrane that encloses each lung

A

pleural membrane

32
Q

layer of pleural membrane that covers the lungs

A

visceral pleura

33
Q

layer of the pleural membrane that covers the inside of the thoracic cavity

A

parietal pleura

34
Q

space between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains lubricating fluid

A

pleural cavity

35
Q

contraction expands the lungs and thoracic cage, thoracic volume increases, thoracic pressure decreases, air rushes in to normalize the pressure

A

inhalation

36
Q

a passive process (when at rest), muscles relax, elastic recoil of thoracic cage, thoracic volume decreases, thoracic pressure increases, air rushes out to normalize the pressure

A

exhalation

37
Q

term meaning “wall”

A

parietal

38
Q

largest volume of air that can be brought into the lungs

A

forced vital capacity (FVC)

39
Q

the volume of air that can be exhaled in one second after maximal inhalation

A

forced expiratory volume (FEV₁)

40
Q

volume of air in one regular breath

A

tidal volume (Vₜ)

41
Q

structure of respiratory system control: respiratory control centre (in the brain stem) controls the rhythm and rate of breathing, chentral chemoreceptors detect rising concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen and respond by increasing ventilation

A

central control

42
Q

structure of respiratory system control: located in the carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta. respond to rising carbon dioxide and hydrogen concentrations and/or dropping oxygen concentrations and respond by increasing ventilation

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

43
Q

parts of the brain that control breathing

A

pons, medulla oblongata

Physiology (12 decks)

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