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Physiology > myology > Flashcards

myology Flashcards

1
Q

specialized cells that use ATP to generate force

A

muscle cells

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2
Q

3 types of muscle muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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3
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

body movement, substance movement, control of substance movement, thermogenesis

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4
Q

term for maintaining body temperature

A

thermogenesis

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5
Q

the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials

A

electrical excitability

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6
Q

the ability of muscle tissue to generate tension(force) when stimulated by an action potential

A

contractility

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7
Q

the ability of a muscle to stretch (lengthen) without being damaged, can still contract when stretched

A

extensibility

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8
Q

the ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or stretch

A

elasticity

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9
Q

aka striated muscle, alternating light and dark bands. voluntary/conscious control

A

skeletal muscle

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10
Q

hierarchy of skeletal muscle organization

A

muscle > fascicle > muscle fibres/cells > myofibril

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11
Q

thread-like specialized organelles inside muscle cells. where the muscle contraction occurs. connect to either end of muscle fibre

A

myofibril

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12
Q

a bundle of muscle cells

A

fascicle

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13
Q

the cell (plasma) membrane of the muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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14
Q

prefix meaning “flesh”

A

sarco

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15
Q

tiny invaginations tunnel in from the sarcolemma towards the centre of the muscle fibre

A

tramsverse tibules (T-tubules)

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16
Q

cytoplasm of the muscle fibres - lots of glycogen

A

sarcoplasm

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17
Q

a protein that binds oxygen that has diffused into the muscle fibre and delivers it to the mitochondria

A

myoglobin

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18
Q

true or false: muscle fibres have one nucleus

A

false

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19
Q

structure that holds myofibrils in place at opposite ends of a muscle fibre

A

cytoskeletal proteins

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20
Q

fluid-filled tubes and sacs running along and surrounding each myofibril

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

functional unit of a myofibril

A

sarcomere

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22
Q

name for contractile filaments

A

myofilaments

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23
Q

2 myofilaments found in the sarcomere

A

actin and myosin

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24
Q

myofilament that makes up the thin filaments

A

actin

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25
Q

myofilament that makes up the thick filaments

A

myosin

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26
Q

the overlap of thick and thin myofilaments gives muscles light and dark strips leading to a striated appearance, what does their interaction generate?

A

force/contraction

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27
Q

what must happen for a skeletal muscle cell to generate tension and contract?

A

stimulation by a nerve signal from a motor neuron

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28
Q

a neuron that conducts action potentials to muscle cells

A

motor neuron

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29
Q

when an axon connects with a muscle how does the structure change?

A

the axon branches out into axon terminals

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30
Q

name of the gap between the axon terminals and sarcolemma

A

synaptic cleft

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31
Q

what occurs when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal for a motor neuron

A

release neurotransmitter (acetylcholine/ACh) which crosses the synaptic cleft

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32
Q

junction formed between an axon and a sarcolemma of a number of different muscle cells

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

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33
Q

the mechanism of an action potential triggering the act of myosin ‘ratcheting’ with actin which has been made available by calcium, provided by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, clearing the way of the binding site for myosin to connect to the actin and generating tension through contraction. When the action potential stops, the sarcoplasmic reticulum absorbs the calcium and tension stops

A

sliding filament mechnaism

34
Q

the motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibres linked to it

A

motor unit

35
Q

how much activity can the ATP stored in muscle fibres last for?

A

~3 seconds

36
Q

what are the 3 energy pathways through which more ATP can be generated?

A

creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycosis, aerobic cellular respiration

37
Q

molecule that stores high amounts of energy in its chemical bonds, when split by an enzyme the energy released is used to reform ATP. The first source of energy used when muscle contraction begins. provides energy for ~3-15 seconds of maximal contraction. no oxygen needed, no lactic acid produced

A

creatine phosphate (ATP-PCr)

38
Q

when muscle activity continues and PCr is depleted, glucose is used to make ATP. occurs in the cytoplasm. a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP. when oxygen is not sufficiently available pyruvic acid does not got to the mitochondria and is converted into lactic acid, which diffuses out of the cell into the blood. capable of supplying energy for 30-40 seconds

A

anaerobic glycoysis

39
Q

created from the breaking down of glycogen stored in the cytoplasm/sarcoplasm or from the blood

A

glucose

40
Q

a metabolic by-product of anaerobic glycolysis. at lower levers of activity it is consumed by other muscle fibres, less active nearby muscles, and the heart. does not accumulate. also converted back into glucose/glycogen in the liver (the Cori cycle). has a half life of 15-25 minutes and is cleared in a matter of hours

A

lactic acid/lactate

41
Q

this pathway is active when you are able to get oxygen into the cells. oxygen is delivered by myoglobin or from oxygen diffusing from the blood. in the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondira and in a series of reactions produces much more ATP than glycolysis. carbs, fats, and proteins can be used in thes process. at rest, cells of the body use this kind of metabolism to generate ATP. in activities lasting longer than 10 minutes 90% of ATP generated comes from this system

A

aerobic cellular respiration

42
Q

3 main types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

slow oxidative (type I), fast oxidative-glycolytic (type Ia), fast glycolytic (type IIx)

43
Q

slow-twitch muscle fibres, recruited first, fatigue resistant, used in endurance-type functions, lots of mitochondria/myoglobin/capillaries, generate ATP via aerobic cellular respiration, with imobilization they atrophy faster

A

slow oxidative (SO) fibres

44
Q

muscle fibres, recruited second, moderately high resistance to fatigue, used in endurance and shorter-duration functions, intermediate amounts of mitochondria/myoglobin/capillaries, generate ATP via aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibres

45
Q

decrease in muscle size

A

atrophy

46
Q

muscle fibres, recruited third, low resistance to fatigue, used in high intensity short duration activities and shorter duration functions, relatively low amounts of mitochondira/myoglobin/capillaries, generate ATP via anaerobic energy pathways

A

fast glycolytic (FG) fibres

47
Q

action potentials travel down the motor neuron to the muscle fibres, and all fibres in that unit will generate force

A

motor unit recruitment

48
Q

are all motor units recruited with every contraction?

A

no

49
Q

do all motor units recruited for a given action contract at different times?

A

yes

50
Q

which motor units are recruited first

A

the smallest/weakest

51
Q

are muscle fibre types diverse within a motor unit?

A

no

52
Q

increasing the amount of force generated involves what two actions?

A

increase number of motor units recruited, increase frequency of neuronal action potential firing (wave summation)

53
Q

accumulation of action potentials before muscle contraction ends

A

wave summation

54
Q

length of sarcomeres within a muscle before contraction begins indicates what?

A

forcefulness of contraction

55
Q

position/length for a muscle to be in to generate the most force

A

optimal overlap

56
Q

there is a decreased ability to generate muscle tension at what levels of overlap?

A

excessive and minimal

57
Q

muscle contraction through a range against a resistance that is not changing

A

isotonic contraction

58
Q

shortening muscle contraction

A

concentric contraction

59
Q

lengthening muscle contraction

A

eccentric contraction

60
Q

muscle contraction in which the length of the muscle does not visibly change the resistance to match the strength curve

A

isometric contraction

61
Q

muscle contraction through a range in which the equipment keeps the velocity of movement constant

A

isokinetic contraction

62
Q

muscle contraction through a range in which the equipment varies the resistance to match the strength curve

A

variable resistance

63
Q

the base level of resistance that a muscle has. not strong enough to produce movement

A

muscle tone

64
Q

a brief contraction of all the muscle fibres in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron

A

twitch contraction

65
Q

a lack of tone from the nerve being damaged or cut

A

flaccidity

66
Q

increase in muscle size

A

hypertrophy

67
Q

inability of a muscle to function at the required level. can be because of energy substrate depletion, metabolic by-products, neurological fatigue, central nervous system fatigue

A

fatigue

68
Q

Connective muscle tissue, surrounds the entire muscle

A

epimysium

69
Q

Connective muscle tissue, surrounds the fascilces

A

perimysium

70
Q

Connective muscle tissue, surrounds the muscle fibres

A

endomysium

71
Q

decrease in muscle size

A

atrophy

72
Q

epimysium, perimysium and endomysium are interconnected and extend beyond muscle fibres to connect the muscle to a periosteum or another structure

A

tendon

73
Q

transition from muscle tissue to tendon

A

musculotendinous junction

74
Q

transition from tendon to periosteum

A

tendoperiosteal junction

75
Q

broad flat tendon

A

aponeurosis

76
Q

tube that surrounds a tendon to protect it

A

tendon sheath

77
Q

undifferentiated muscle cells, actively involved in muscle repair and regeneration. capacity is limited

A

satellite cells

78
Q

same actin/myosin arrangement as skeletal muscle. fibres are branched - ends fit tightly together with neighbouring fibres at intercalated discs. anchoring junctions hold them together and gap junctions allow for cells to communicate quickly. involuntary control

A

cardiac muscle

79
Q

junctions at which neighbouring cardiac muscle fibres fit together

A

intercalated discs

80
Q

specialized cells within the heart can generate their own electrical signals, the act as a pacemaker

A

autorhythmicity

81
Q

spindle shaped muscle found in the walls of hollow tubes, have gap junctions, involuntary, slow long lasting contractions

A

smooth muscle

82
Q

at approximately what age does capacity for skeletal strength begin to decrease? when does it become greater?

A

25, 50

Physiology (12 decks)

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