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Physiology > circulatory system: cardiovascular > Flashcards

circulatory system: cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

2 circulatory systems

A

cardiovascular, lymphatic

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2
Q

system. functions: transportation of nutrients and wastes/hormones, immunity & protection (clotting, disease/infection), regulation of pH, body temperature, fluid levels.

A

cardiovascular system

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3
Q

structures of the cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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4
Q

cardiovascular structure, sits almost in the middle of the chest in the mediastinum, 2/3rds of its mass is on the left, attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly. functions: pump, adaptation to changes, homeostasis.

A

heart

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5
Q

inferior portion of the heart

A

apex

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6
Q

superior portion of the heart

A

base

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7
Q

a mass of organs and tissues that separates the lungs. contains heart & its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus and lymph nodes, connective tissue. boundaries: superiorly - first rib, inferiorly - diaphragm, anteriorly - sternumb, posteriorly - spine

A

mediastinum

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8
Q

a two-layered connective tissue membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

A

pericardium

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9
Q

the two layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous, serous

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10
Q

layer of the pericardium: most superficial, tough, inelelastic, dense, irregular, attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly, to the CT of the blood vessels superiorly, holds the heart in the mediastinum and allows for movement

A

fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

layer of the pericardium: thinner, forms a double layer around the heart.

A

serous pericardium

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12
Q

layer of the serous pericardium: fused to the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal layer

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13
Q

layer of the serous pericardium: attached to the heart muscle

A

visceral layer/epicardium

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14
Q

space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium, filled with pericardial fluid

A

pericardial cavity

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15
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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16
Q

layer of the heart wall: simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue, gives the outer surface a smooth slippery texture

A

epicardium

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17
Q

layer of the heart wall: cardiac muscle tissue, site of contraction

A

myocardium

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18
Q

layer of the heart wall: endolethium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue, provides a smooth lining for the chambers and valves of the heart

A

endocardium

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19
Q

layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

A

endolethium

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20
Q

how many chambers of the heart

A

4

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21
Q

2 superior chambers of the heart, receive blood from blood vessels returning to the heart

A

atria

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22
Q

2 inferior chambers of the heart, receive blood from the atria and ejected out into blood vessels

A

ventricles

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23
Q

wall dividing the 2 atria

A

interatrial septum

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24
Q

wall dividing the 2 ventricles

A

interventricular septum

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25
Q

heart chamber: receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vana cava, coronary sinus. blood passes from this chamber through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle

A

right atrium

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26
Q

heart chamber: receives blood from the right atrium, cusps of the right atrioventricular valve are connected to chordae tendinae, blood is ejected by the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

A

right ventricle

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27
Q

tendon-like cords within the heart. anchored to ventricular walls by papillary muscles

A

chordae tendineae

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28
Q

blood vessel that divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries, through which unoxygenated blood flows from the right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk

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29
Q

heart chamber: receives blood from the pulmonary veins, blood passes from this chamber through the left atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle

A

left atrium

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30
Q

heart chamber: thickest chamber of the heart, receives blood from the left atrium, cusps of the left atrioventricular valve are connected to chordae tendineae, blood is ejected through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta

A

left ventricle

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31
Q

some blood in the aorta flows into these blood vessels which supply the heart with oxygenated blood

A

coronary arteries

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32
Q

some blood in the aorta flows into these blood vessels which supply the heart with oxygenated blood

A

coronary arteries

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33
Q

valve in the heart that allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

A

left atrioventricular valve/bicuspid valve/mitral valve

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34
Q

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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35
Q

blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

A

veins

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36
Q

heart structure. when blood flows into the atria, pressure increases. pressure opens this valve allowing blood to flow into the ventricles. when the ventricles contract the increased pressure forces the valves to close. papillary muscles contract to prevent the valves from being forced open in the opposite direction

A

atrioventricular valves

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37
Q

heart structure: when the ventricles contract, pressure increases in the ventricles. this pressure closes the atrioventricular valves and opens these valves. blood is ejected into the arteries. when the ventricles relax blood in these arteries start to flow back toward the heart, this fills the cusps of these valves and they close

A

pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

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38
Q

onomatopoeia used to describe a heartbeat

A

lub-dup

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39
Q

onomatopoeia used to describe the sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valves

A

lub

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40
Q

onomatopoeia used to describe the sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the semilunar valves

A

dup

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41
Q

function of the right side of the heart. deoxygenated blood returns from the body tissues and enters the right atrium, gets pumped into the right ventricle which ejects the blood into the pulmonary arteries. these blood vessels take the deoxygenated blood to the lungs to clear the carbon dioxide and pick up the oxygen. the now oxygenated returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium

A

pulmonary circulation

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42
Q

function of the left side of the heart. oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium. blood is pumped into the left ventricle which ejects the blood into the aorta and out to the body tissues. tissues use the oxygen and release carbon dioxide which eventually makes its way back to the right atrium (now deoxygenated)

A

systemic circulation

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43
Q

circulation of blood for the heart itself, coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and encircle the heart. heart gets blood between beats

A

coronary circulation

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44
Q

specialized muscle cells that generate their own action potentials. self-excitable. form structures that set the rhythm of the action potentials that cause contraction, and form a conduction system.

A

autorhythmic fibres

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45
Q

the pathway along which action potentials progress through the heart.

A

conduction system of the heart

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46
Q

sequence of action potential propagation through the conduction system

A

sinoatrial node > atrial > atrioventricular node > bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle) > bundle branches > Purkinje Fibres > ventricles

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47
Q

heart structure: in the right atrial wall. repeatedly generates APs which propagate through the atria via gap junctions causing atrial contraction and ejection of blood into the ventricles. APs travel throughout the atria and reach the atrioventicular node

A

sinoatrial node

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48
Q

heart structure: action potentials travel from this to the bundle of His. APs conduct along the right and left bundle branches which extend along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart.

A

atriovetricular node

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49
Q

heart structure: very quickly conduct APs upward through the ventricles causing ventricular contraction and ejection of blood into the airteries

A

Purkinje fibres

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50
Q

a recording of the electrical activity that initiates each heartbeat. problems can be identified based on the shape and timing of the tracing

A

electrocardiogram

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51
Q

all events associated with one heart beat, including the atria and ventricles alternately contracting, pushing blood through the chambers of the heart and out of the heart

A

cardiac cycle

52
Q

contraction (of ventricles) phase of heartbeat

A

systole

53
Q

relaxation (of ventricles) phase of heartbeat

A

diastole

54
Q

amount of blood the heart ejects each minute (heart rate x stroke volume)

A

cardiac output

55
Q

number of times the heart beats in 1 minute

A

heart rate

56
Q

amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each beat

A

stroke volume

57
Q

average heart rate

A

72bpm

58
Q

average stroke volume

A

70ml

59
Q

average cardiac output

A

~5 L/min

60
Q

factors that regulate heart rate

A

autonomic nervous system, hormones/ions, age/sex/fitness/temperature

61
Q

factor that regulates heart rate. the control centre in the medulla oblongata gets input from sensory receptors and high brain centres. based on input, the control centre will change the frequency of APs in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Increased Sympathetic: increased heart rate. Increased Parasympathetic: decreased heart rate

A

autonomic nervous system

62
Q

hormones that increases heart rate and contractility

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine, thyroid hormones

63
Q

ions needed for normal action potentials, elevated blood levels decrease heart rate

A

sodium and potassium

64
Q

ion, elevated levels increase heart rate and contractility

A

calcium

65
Q

three factors that help to maintain equal stroke volume

A

preload, contractility, afterload

66
Q

do the left and right ventricles need to eject the same volume of blood?

A

yes

67
Q

the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. amount of stretch is proportional to the end diastolic volume.

A

preload

68
Q

law that means greater stretch = stronger contraction

A

frank-starling law

69
Q

volume of blood that fills the ventricles at the end of diastole. affected by duration of diastole and venous return

A

end diastolic volume

70
Q

strength of contraction at any given preload

A

contractility

71
Q

factors that increase contraction strength

A

sympathetic nervous system activation, hormones, medications

72
Q

factors that decrease contraction strength

A

decreased sympathetic nervous system activation, chemical imbalances, medication

73
Q

ejection of blood from the heart begins when ventricular pressure is greater than vessel pressure. What is the name for the pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open?

A

afterload

74
Q

occurs when pressure in is greater in ventricles than the blood vessels

A

semilunar valves open

75
Q

factors that increase afterload

A

hypertension, narrowing of arteries by atherosclerosis

76
Q

hierarchy of arterial system (following the flow of blood)

A

large elastic arteries > muscular arteries > smaller arteries > arterioles (resistance vessels) > capillaries (exchange vessels)

77
Q

function of capillaries

A

exchange substances (gases, nutrients) between blood and tissues

78
Q

hierarchy of venous system (following the flow of blood)

A

capillaries > venules > veins > vena cavae

79
Q

inner layer of blood vessel walls, simple squamous epithelium (called endolethium) and a connective tissue basement membrane

A

tunica intima

80
Q

middle layer of blood vessel walls, contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle

A

tunica media

81
Q

outer layer of blood vessel walls, contains elastic and collagen fibres, supports blood vessels and anchors them to surrounding structures

A

tunica externa/tunica adventitia

82
Q

what blood vessels do not have three-layered blood vessel walls?

A

capillaries

83
Q

inside space of a tubular structure (eg: blood vessel)

A

lumen

84
Q

decrease in lumen size

A

vasoconstriction

85
Q

increase in lumen size

A

vasodilation

86
Q

blood vessel that stretches to accomodate blood flow and recoils to help force blood forward

A

arteries

87
Q

blood vessels that has a substantial ability to constrict or dilate the vessel, has a significant effect on blood pressure

A

arterioles

88
Q

blood vessels found near almost every cell in the body, deals with microcirculation, nutrient/waste exchange. walls are a single layer of endolethium and a basement membrane

A

capillaries

89
Q

blood vessel for blood flow from capillaries to veins

A

venules

90
Q

blood vessel, not designed to withstand high pressure. needs help moving blood. have one way valves to prevent backflow. transports blood to the heart

A

veins

91
Q

the transport of blood back to the heart

A

venous return

92
Q

blood makeup

A

55% fluid and 45% cells

93
Q

blood temperature

A

38 degrees celsius

94
Q

blood pH

A

7.4

95
Q

average blood volume

A

5-6L in males, 4-5 in females

96
Q

functions of blood

A

transportation (nutrients, wastes, heat, hormones, regulation (pH, body temperature, fluid levels), protection (vs blood loss, foreign invaders)

97
Q

fluid matrix of blood, contains dissolved substances (including nutrients, wastes, hormones)

A

plasma

98
Q

a collection of skeletal muscles that assist in venous return

A

skeletal muscle pump

99
Q

3 plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

100
Q

purpose of albumin

A

transport

101
Q

purpose of globulins

A

some are transport proteins, some are involved in immune response

102
Q

purpose of fibrinogen

A

essential in blood clotting

103
Q

blood cell, contains hemoglobin. lives for ~120 days.

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

104
Q

formation of red blood cells

A

hemopoiesis

105
Q

% of blood volume occupied by red blood celles

A

hematocrit

106
Q

lower than normal hematocrit

A

anemia

107
Q

higher than normal hematocrit

A

polycythemia

108
Q

an oxygen carrying protein that gives red blood cells their red pigment

A

hemoglobin

109
Q

blood cell, fights off foreign invaders, involved in phagocytosis and immune responses

A

white blood cells (leukocytes)

110
Q

types of white blood cells

A

granular, agranular

111
Q

granular leukocyte. most common, function in phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

112
Q

granular leukocyte. function in allergic reactions, parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

113
Q

granular leukocyte. function in stress and allergic responses

A

basophils

114
Q

agranular leukocyte. come in B, T, and natural killer cell types. involved in immune responses

A

lymphocytes

115
Q

granular leukocyte. can differentiate into macrophages

A

monocytes

116
Q

increased white blood cell count

A

leukocytosis

117
Q

decreased white blood cell count

A

leukopenia

118
Q

blood cell. help stop bleeding, contain substances to promote clotting. live for 5-9 days

A

platelets

119
Q

true or false: blood pressure flows from areas of low pressure to high pressure

A

false

120
Q

the pressure on the walls of the blood vessels

A

blood pressure

121
Q

blood pressure is generated by what action?

A

ventricular contraction

122
Q

highest arterial pressure during ventricular systole

A

systolic blood pressure

123
Q

the lowest arterial pressure during ventricular diastole

A

diastolic blood pressure

124
Q

average blood pressure in the arteries

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

125
Q

three factors that affect blood pressure

A

cardiac output, blood volume, vascular resistance

126
Q

how does an increase of lumen size affect blood pressure

A

decreased BP

127
Q

how does total blood vessel lengthe affect blood pressure

A

increased vessel length leads to increased pressure

Physiology (12 decks)

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