circulatory system: cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
2 circulatory systems
A
cardiovascular, lymphatic
2
Q
system. functions: transportation of nutrients and wastes/hormones, immunity & protection (clotting, disease/infection), regulation of pH, body temperature, fluid levels.
A
cardiovascular system
3
Q
structures of the cardiovascular system
A
heart, blood vessels, blood
4
Q
cardiovascular structure, sits almost in the middle of the chest in the mediastinum, 2/3rds of its mass is on the left, attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly. functions: pump, adaptation to changes, homeostasis.
A
heart
5
Q
inferior portion of the heart
A
apex
6
Q
superior portion of the heart
A
base
7
Q
a mass of organs and tissues that separates the lungs. contains heart & its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus and lymph nodes, connective tissue. boundaries: superiorly - first rib, inferiorly - diaphragm, anteriorly - sternumb, posteriorly - spine
A
mediastinum
8
Q
a two-layered connective tissue membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
A
pericardium
9
Q
the two layers of the pericardium
A
fibrous, serous
10
Q
layer of the pericardium: most superficial, tough, inelelastic, dense, irregular, attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly, to the CT of the blood vessels superiorly, holds the heart in the mediastinum and allows for movement
A
fibrous pericardium
11
Q
layer of the pericardium: thinner, forms a double layer around the heart.
A
serous pericardium
12
Q
layer of the serous pericardium: fused to the fibrous pericardium
A
parietal layer
13
Q
layer of the serous pericardium: attached to the heart muscle
A
visceral layer/epicardium
14
Q
space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium, filled with pericardial fluid
A
pericardial cavity
15
Q
3 layers of the heart wall
A
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
16
Q
layer of the heart wall: simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue, gives the outer surface a smooth slippery texture
A
epicardium
17
Q
layer of the heart wall: cardiac muscle tissue, site of contraction
A
myocardium
18
Q
layer of the heart wall: endolethium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue, provides a smooth lining for the chambers and valves of the heart
A
endocardium
19
Q
layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
A
endolethium
20
Q
how many chambers of the heart
A
4
21
Q
2 superior chambers of the heart, receive blood from blood vessels returning to the heart
A
atria
22
Q
2 inferior chambers of the heart, receive blood from the atria and ejected out into blood vessels
A
ventricles
23
Q
wall dividing the 2 atria
A
interatrial septum
24
Q
wall dividing the 2 ventricles
A
interventricular septum
25
heart chamber: receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vana cava, coronary sinus. blood passes from this chamber through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle
right atrium
26
heart chamber: receives blood from the right atrium, cusps of the right atrioventricular valve are connected to chordae tendinae, blood is ejected by the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk
right ventricle
27
tendon-like cords within the heart. anchored to ventricular walls by papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
28
blood vessel that divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries, through which unoxygenated blood flows from the right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
29
heart chamber: receives blood from the pulmonary veins, blood passes from this chamber through the left atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle
left atrium
30
heart chamber: thickest chamber of the heart, receives blood from the left atrium, cusps of the left atrioventricular valve are connected to chordae tendineae, blood is ejected through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
left ventricle
31
some blood in the aorta flows into these blood vessels which supply the heart with oxygenated blood
coronary arteries
32
some blood in the aorta flows into these blood vessels which supply the heart with oxygenated blood
coronary arteries
33
valve in the heart that allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
left atrioventricular valve/bicuspid valve/mitral valve
34
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
35
blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
veins
36
heart structure. when blood flows into the atria, pressure increases. pressure opens this valve allowing blood to flow into the ventricles. when the ventricles contract the increased pressure forces the valves to close. papillary muscles contract to prevent the valves from being forced open in the opposite direction
atrioventricular valves
37
heart structure: when the ventricles contract, pressure increases in the ventricles. this pressure closes the atrioventricular valves and opens these valves. blood is ejected into the arteries. when the ventricles relax blood in these arteries start to flow back toward the heart, this fills the cusps of these valves and they close
pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
38
onomatopoeia used to describe a heartbeat
lub-dup
39
onomatopoeia used to describe the sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valves
lub
40
onomatopoeia used to describe the sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the semilunar valves
dup
41
function of the right side of the heart. deoxygenated blood returns from the body tissues and enters the right atrium, gets pumped into the right ventricle which ejects the blood into the pulmonary arteries. these blood vessels take the deoxygenated blood to the lungs to clear the carbon dioxide and pick up the oxygen. the now oxygenated returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium
pulmonary circulation
42
function of the left side of the heart. oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium. blood is pumped into the left ventricle which ejects the blood into the aorta and out to the body tissues. tissues use the oxygen and release carbon dioxide which eventually makes its way back to the right atrium (now deoxygenated)
systemic circulation
43
circulation of blood for the heart itself, coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and encircle the heart. heart gets blood between beats
coronary circulation
44
specialized muscle cells that generate their own action potentials. self-excitable. form structures that set the rhythm of the action potentials that cause contraction, and form a conduction system.
autorhythmic fibres
45
the pathway along which action potentials progress through the heart.
conduction system of the heart
46
sequence of action potential propagation through the conduction system
sinoatrial node > atrial > atrioventricular node > bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle) > bundle branches > Purkinje Fibres > ventricles
47
heart structure: in the right atrial wall. repeatedly generates APs which propagate through the atria via gap junctions causing atrial contraction and ejection of blood into the ventricles. APs travel throughout the atria and reach the atrioventicular node
sinoatrial node
48
heart structure: action potentials travel from this to the bundle of His. APs conduct along the right and left bundle branches which extend along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart.
atriovetricular node
49
heart structure: very quickly conduct APs upward through the ventricles causing ventricular contraction and ejection of blood into the airteries
Purkinje fibres
50
a recording of the electrical activity that initiates each heartbeat. problems can be identified based on the shape and timing of the tracing
electrocardiogram
51
all events associated with one heart beat, including the atria and ventricles alternately contracting, pushing blood through the chambers of the heart and out of the heart
cardiac cycle
52
contraction (of ventricles) phase of heartbeat
systole
53
relaxation (of ventricles) phase of heartbeat
diastole
54
amount of blood the heart ejects each minute (heart rate x stroke volume)
cardiac output
55
number of times the heart beats in 1 minute
heart rate
56
amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each beat
stroke volume
57
average heart rate
72bpm
58
average stroke volume
70ml
59
average cardiac output
~5 L/min
60
factors that regulate heart rate
autonomic nervous system, hormones/ions, age/sex/fitness/temperature
61
factor that regulates heart rate. the control centre in the medulla oblongata gets input from sensory receptors and high brain centres. based on input, the control centre will change the frequency of APs in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Increased Sympathetic: increased heart rate. Increased Parasympathetic: decreased heart rate
autonomic nervous system
62
hormones that increases heart rate and contractility
epinephrine/norepinephrine, thyroid hormones
63
ions needed for normal action potentials, elevated blood levels decrease heart rate
sodium and potassium
64
ion, elevated levels increase heart rate and contractility
calcium
65
three factors that help to maintain equal stroke volume
preload, contractility, afterload
66
do the left and right ventricles need to eject the same volume of blood?
yes
67
the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. amount of stretch is proportional to the end diastolic volume.
preload
68
law that means greater stretch = stronger contraction
frank-starling law
69
volume of blood that fills the ventricles at the end of diastole. affected by duration of diastole and venous return
end diastolic volume
70
strength of contraction at any given preload
contractility
71
factors that increase contraction strength
sympathetic nervous system activation, hormones, medications
72
factors that decrease contraction strength
decreased sympathetic nervous system activation, chemical imbalances, medication
73
ejection of blood from the heart begins when ventricular pressure is greater than vessel pressure. What is the name for the pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open?
afterload
74
occurs when pressure in is greater in ventricles than the blood vessels
semilunar valves open
75
factors that increase afterload
hypertension, narrowing of arteries by atherosclerosis
76
hierarchy of arterial system (following the flow of blood)
large elastic arteries > muscular arteries > smaller arteries > arterioles (resistance vessels) > capillaries (exchange vessels)
77
function of capillaries
exchange substances (gases, nutrients) between blood and tissues
78
hierarchy of venous system (following the flow of blood)
capillaries > venules > veins > vena cavae
79
inner layer of blood vessel walls, simple squamous epithelium (called endolethium) and a connective tissue basement membrane
tunica intima
80
middle layer of blood vessel walls, contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle
tunica media
81
outer layer of blood vessel walls, contains elastic and collagen fibres, supports blood vessels and anchors them to surrounding structures
tunica externa/tunica adventitia
82
what blood vessels do not have three-layered blood vessel walls?
capillaries
83
inside space of a tubular structure (eg: blood vessel)
lumen
84
decrease in lumen size
vasoconstriction
85
increase in lumen size
vasodilation
86
blood vessel that stretches to accomodate blood flow and recoils to help force blood forward
arteries
87
blood vessels that has a substantial ability to constrict or dilate the vessel, has a significant effect on blood pressure
arterioles
88
blood vessels found near almost every cell in the body, deals with microcirculation, nutrient/waste exchange. walls are a single layer of endolethium and a basement membrane
capillaries
89
blood vessel for blood flow from capillaries to veins
venules
90
blood vessel, not designed to withstand high pressure. needs help moving blood. have one way valves to prevent backflow. transports blood to the heart
veins
91
the transport of blood back to the heart
venous return
92
blood makeup
55% fluid and 45% cells
93
blood temperature
38 degrees celsius
94
blood pH
7.4
95
average blood volume
5-6L in males, 4-5 in females
96
functions of blood
transportation (nutrients, wastes, heat, hormones, regulation (pH, body temperature, fluid levels), protection (vs blood loss, foreign invaders)
97
fluid matrix of blood, contains dissolved substances (including nutrients, wastes, hormones)
plasma
98
a collection of skeletal muscles that assist in venous return
skeletal muscle pump
99
3 plasma proteins
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
100
purpose of albumin
transport
101
purpose of globulins
some are transport proteins, some are involved in immune response
102
purpose of fibrinogen
essential in blood clotting
103
blood cell, contains hemoglobin. lives for ~120 days.
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
104
formation of red blood cells
hemopoiesis
105
% of blood volume occupied by red blood celles
hematocrit
106
lower than normal hematocrit
anemia
107
higher than normal hematocrit
polycythemia
108
an oxygen carrying protein that gives red blood cells their red pigment
hemoglobin
109
blood cell, fights off foreign invaders, involved in phagocytosis and immune responses
white blood cells (leukocytes)
110
types of white blood cells
granular, agranular
111
granular leukocyte. most common, function in phagocytosis
neutrophils
112
granular leukocyte. function in allergic reactions, parasitic infections
eosinophils
113
granular leukocyte. function in stress and allergic responses
basophils
114
agranular leukocyte. come in B, T, and natural killer cell types. involved in immune responses
lymphocytes
115
granular leukocyte. can differentiate into macrophages
monocytes
116
increased white blood cell count
leukocytosis
117
decreased white blood cell count
leukopenia
118
blood cell. help stop bleeding, contain substances to promote clotting. live for 5-9 days
platelets
119
true or false: blood pressure flows from areas of low pressure to high pressure
false
120
the pressure on the walls of the blood vessels
blood pressure
121
blood pressure is generated by what action?
ventricular contraction
122
highest arterial pressure during ventricular systole
systolic blood pressure
123
the lowest arterial pressure during ventricular diastole
diastolic blood pressure
124
average blood pressure in the arteries
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
125
three factors that affect blood pressure
cardiac output, blood volume, vascular resistance
126
how does an increase of lumen size affect blood pressure
decreased BP
127
how does total blood vessel lengthe affect blood pressure
increased vessel length leads to increased pressure
