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Physiology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

consists of brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

consists of cranial nerves/branches, spinal nerves/branches, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

nervous system involved in detection and input function

A

sensory nervous system (SNS)

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4
Q

nervous system involved in processing/storing/analyzing sensory info, decision making

A

integrative nervous system (INS)

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5
Q

nervous system involved in output

A

motor nervous system (MNS)

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6
Q

nervous tissue designed for nourishment, support, and protection

A

neuroglia

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7
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons

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8
Q

nerve structure: multiple or single extensions off the cell body
input portion of the neuron

A

dendrite

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9
Q

nerve structure: contains the nucleus and other organelles

function: cell processes

A

cell body (soma)

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10
Q

thin cylindrical process off the cell body

output portion of the neuron

A

axon

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11
Q

multilayered lipid and protein covering that speeds up signal conduction

A

myelin

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12
Q

any change in the environment that is strong enough to stimulate an action potential

A

stimulus

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13
Q

structural nerve type: several dendrites and one axon

most of the CNS and all motor neurons

A

multipolar neurons

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14
Q

structural nerve type: one main dendrite and axon

A

bipolar neurons

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15
Q

structural nerve type: peripheral axon has sensory receptors, central axon has axon terminals
make up sensory neurons in the PNS

A

unipolar neurons

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16
Q

functional nerve type: mostly unipolar, contain either sensory receptors at the dendritic ends or are located just after sensory receptors that are separate cells

A

sensory neurons (afferent)

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17
Q

functional nerve type: action potentials propagate away from CNS to effectors, multipolar

A

motor neurons (efferent)

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18
Q

functional nerve type: located primarlily in the CNS between sensory and motor neurons, integrate/process information from sensory neurons. mostly multipolar

A

interneurons (association)

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19
Q

continuation of action potential along the neuron

A

propagation

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20
Q

site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and other cell

A

synapse

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21
Q

synapse type: APs conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells through gap junctions. allows for synchronization of function

A

electrical synapses

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22
Q

synapse type: communication through neurotransmitters

A

chemical synapses

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23
Q

the neuron sending the signal

A

pre-synaptic neuron

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24
Q

the neuron receiving the signal

A

post-synaptic neuron

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25
Q

space between the communicating neurons

A

synaptic cleft

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26
Q

chemical released by the pre-synaptic neuron to affect (excite or inhibit) the post-synaptic neuron(s) or effector

A

neurotransmitter (NT)

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27
Q

if the neurotransmitter is ______, continuation of the action potential is more likely

A

excitatory

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28
Q

if the neurotransmitter is ______, continuation of the action potential is less likely

A

inhibitory

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29
Q

neurotransmitter: PNS/CNS, excitatory at neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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30
Q

neurotransmitter: CNS, inhibitory

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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31
Q

neurotransmitter: excitatory or inhibitory (depending on receptor). emotional responses, addictive behaviours, skeletal muscle tone

A

dopamine

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32
Q

neurotransmitter: excitatory or inhibitory (depending on receptor). sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood, sleep, appetite

A

serotonin

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33
Q

neuroglia of the CNS: help form the blood- brain barrier (BBB), provide nutrients to neurons

A

astrocytes

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34
Q

neuroglia of the CNS: form/maintain the myelin sheath of CNS neurons

A

oligodendrocytes

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35
Q

neuroglia of the CNS: phagocytotic cells, remove debris, phagocytize microbes

A

microglia

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36
Q

neuroglia of the CNS: line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord, produce and assist in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

ependymal cells

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37
Q

clear, colourless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, protects them from injury

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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38
Q

what determines whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory?

A

the receptor on the post-synaptic nerve

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39
Q

specialized barrier that prevents passage of materials from the blood and the brain (and its surrounding fluid), protects brain from harmful substances. thick basement membrane, tight junctions

A

blood-brain-barrier (BBB)

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40
Q

cells that encircle axons in the PNS, form the myelin sheath of PNS axons, involved in regeneration of PNS axons

A

schwann cells

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41
Q

a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

A

nucleus

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42
Q

a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglion

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43
Q

a bundle of axons in the CNS, interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and brain

A

tract

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44
Q

a bundle of axons in the PNS

A

nerve

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45
Q

nerves that connect the spinal cord to the periphery

A

spinal nerves

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46
Q

nerves that connect the brain to the periphery

A

cranial nerves

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47
Q

collections of cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibres in the CNS

A

grey matter

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48
Q

collections of myelinated axons in the CNS

A

white matter

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49
Q

part of CNS encased in the vertebrae, extends from the bottom part of the brain stem to the 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)

A

spinal cord

50
Q

the roots of the spinal nerves below the conus medullaris, not part of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina

51
Q

structure of the spinal cord, tapers at L2

A

conus medullaris

52
Q

structure of white matter surrounding an inner core of grey matter

A

spinal cord

53
Q

2 grooves that divide the white matter of the spinal cord into left and right sides

A

anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

54
Q

a small tube in the centre of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

central canal

55
Q

structure of spinal cord, each side divided into regions called horns

A

grey matter

56
Q

horn of the spinal cord, axons of incoming sensory neurons and interneurons

A

posterior/dorsal horn

57
Q

horn of the spinal cord, motor nuclei

A

anterior/ventral horn

58
Q

horn of the spinal cord, present in thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral portions. contain sympathetic nuclei

A

lateral horn

59
Q

structure of 3 regions, called columns, of the spinal cord

A

white matter

60
Q

what are the 3 columns of the spinal cord

A

anterior/ventral, posterior/dorsal, lateral

61
Q

number of vertebrae in the cervical spine

A

7

62
Q

number of vertebrae in the thoracic spine

A

12

63
Q

number of vertebrae in the lumbar spine

A

5

64
Q

tracts of axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain

A

sensory/ascending tracts

65
Q

tracts of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain

A

motor/descending tracts

66
Q

4 parts of the brain

A

brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

67
Q

part of the brain, continuous with the spinal cord. between the spinal cord and diencephalon. contains nuclei of specific cranial nerves

A

brainstem

68
Q

part of brain stem, contains nuclei for the control of heart rate, blood pressure, breathing ,swallowing, and vomiting

A

medulla oblongata

69
Q

part of brain stem, contains nuclei for the control of breathing

A

pons

70
Q

part of brain stem, contains nuclei for reflex visual activities, hearing. contains substantia nigra

A

midbrain

71
Q

nuclei found in the midbrain, neurons that make dopamine extend from it

A

substantia nigra

72
Q

a net-like formation of neural tissue that spreads throughout the brain stem, contains the RAS.

A

reticular formation

73
Q

system that helps with consciousness, maintaining attention, preventing sensory overload, and regulating muscle tone

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

74
Q

part of the brain, posterior to the brain stem. smooths and coordinates skeletal muscle contraction, regulates posture and balance

A

cerebellum

75
Q

part of the brain, includes the hypothalamus thalamus, and epithalamus

A

diencephalon

76
Q

part of diencephalon. major regulator of homeostasis, controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system, controls hormone production, emotion and behaviour (With the lymbic system), eating/drinking, body temperature, and circadian rhythm

A

hypothalamus

77
Q

a 24 hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, and/or behavioural processes of living things

A

circadian rhythm

78
Q

part of diencephalon. major relay station for most sensory input to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

79
Q

part of diencephalon. contains the pineal gland, involved in smelling (especially emotional responses to smells)

A

epithalamus

80
Q

part of the brain with 2 hemispheres, consists of the cerebral cortex, an inner region of white matter, and grey matter nuclei deep within the white

A

cerebrum

81
Q

part of cerebrum, outer rim of grey matter. contains sensory areas involved in perception and motor areas involved in the execution of voluntary movements

A

cerebral cortex

82
Q

part of cerebrum, white matter, contains areas that deal with more complex functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, intelligence

A

association areas

83
Q

part of the cerebrum. helps to regulate the starting and stopping of movements, control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles, suppress unwanted movement, set resting muscle tone, linked to the substantia nigra

A

basal ganglia/nuclei

84
Q

brain structure involved in emotion, smelling, and memory. includes parts of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and other nearby structures

A

limbic system

85
Q

brain structure, functions in memory (encoding, consolidation, and retrieval), very important in converting short term memory into long term memory

A

hippocampus

86
Q

brain structure, important in emotional function

A

amygdala

87
Q

tough outer layer of connective tissue that encircles the brain and spinal cord

A

dura mater

88
Q

middle layer of connective tissue that encircles the brain and spinal cord

A

arachnoid membrane

89
Q

inner layer of connective tissue that encircles the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

90
Q

adipose and CT-filled space between the wall of the vertebral canal and the dura mater (no space in the brain)

A

epidural space

91
Q

interstitial fluid-filled space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane

A

subdural space

92
Q

cerebrospinal fluid filled space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

93
Q

all nervous tissue outside the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system

94
Q

paths of communication between the brain and periphery. exit from the base of the brain

A

cranial nerves

95
Q

paths of communication between the spinal cord and the periphery. parallel bundles of axons (and their associated neuroglial cells) wrapped in several layers of connective tissue

A

spinal nerves

96
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

97
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

98
Q

how many spinal nerves for the 7 cervical vertebrae

A

8

99
Q

spinal connects the spinal column to what 3 structures in all parts of the body

A

muscles, glands, receptors

100
Q

two bundles of axons that connect the spinal nerve to the spinal cord

A

nerve root

101
Q

Spinal nerve root: bundle of motor axons

A

anterior/ventral root

102
Q

spinal nerve root: bundle of sensory axons

A

posterior/dorsal root

103
Q

a swelling in the posterior root containing cell bodies of sensory neurons of the PNS

A

posterior/dorsal root ganglion

104
Q

innermost connective tissue of a spinal nerve, covers the axon (regardless of myelination)

A

endoneurium

105
Q

middle layer of connective tissue of a spinal nerve, covers fascicles. highly vascularized

A

perineurium

106
Q

a bundle of axons

A

fascicles

107
Q

outermost layer of connective tissue of a spinal nerve, covers the spinal nerve, highly vascularized

A

epineurium

108
Q

3 subdivisions of the PNS

A

somatic, autonomic, enteric (SNS, ANS, ENS)

109
Q

subdivision of the PNS. the “voluntary” nervous system. sensory enurons convey information to the CNS, motor neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles only

A

somatic nervous system

110
Q

subdivision of the PNS. monitors and controls body activities. consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

autonomic nervous system

111
Q

“fight or flight” nervous system. high activity comes from being excited, scared, threatened.

A

sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)

112
Q

nervous system responses include: pupil dilation, increased heart rate and BP, airway dilation, vasodilation of skeletal and cardiac muscle, glucose release, vasoconstriction in kidneys and digestive tract

A

sympathetic nervous system

113
Q

“rest and digest” nervous system.

A

parasympathetic nervous system (PaNS)

114
Q

nervous system functions include: conserve and restore energy systems, increased digestive and urinary functions

A

parasympathetic nervous system

115
Q

the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

A

autonomic tone

116
Q

part of the brain that regulates autonomic tone

A

hypothalamus

117
Q

sweat glands, arrector pilli, kidneys, most blood vessels, and adrenal medullae recieve only this kind of innervation

A

sympathetic

118
Q

major control and integration centre for the autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

119
Q

subdivision of the PNS, sensory neurons that monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and the stretching of its walls, motor neurons control contraction of GI tract smooth muscle and secretions of the GI organs

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

120
Q

primary energy substrate for nervous system, but is not stored anywhere in neurons

A

glucose

121
Q

where do neurons get their glycogen

A

blood or neuroglial cells

Physiology (12 decks)

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