nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
consists of brain and spinal cord
A
central nervous system (CNS)
2
Q
consists of cranial nerves/branches, spinal nerves/branches, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors
A
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
3
Q
nervous system involved in detection and input function
A
sensory nervous system (SNS)
4
Q
nervous system involved in processing/storing/analyzing sensory info, decision making
A
integrative nervous system (INS)
5
Q
nervous system involved in output
A
motor nervous system (MNS)
6
Q
nervous tissue designed for nourishment, support, and protection
A
neuroglia
7
Q
nerve cells
A
neurons
8
Q
nerve structure: multiple or single extensions off the cell body
input portion of the neuron
A
dendrite
9
Q
nerve structure: contains the nucleus and other organelles
function: cell processes
A
cell body (soma)
10
Q
thin cylindrical process off the cell body
output portion of the neuron
A
axon
11
Q
multilayered lipid and protein covering that speeds up signal conduction
A
myelin
12
Q
any change in the environment that is strong enough to stimulate an action potential
A
stimulus
13
Q
structural nerve type: several dendrites and one axon
most of the CNS and all motor neurons
A
multipolar neurons
14
Q
structural nerve type: one main dendrite and axon
A
bipolar neurons
15
Q
structural nerve type: peripheral axon has sensory receptors, central axon has axon terminals
make up sensory neurons in the PNS
A
unipolar neurons
16
Q
functional nerve type: mostly unipolar, contain either sensory receptors at the dendritic ends or are located just after sensory receptors that are separate cells
A
sensory neurons (afferent)
17
Q
functional nerve type: action potentials propagate away from CNS to effectors, multipolar
A
motor neurons (efferent)
18
Q
functional nerve type: located primarlily in the CNS between sensory and motor neurons, integrate/process information from sensory neurons. mostly multipolar
A
interneurons (association)
19
Q
continuation of action potential along the neuron
A
propagation
20
Q
site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and other cell
A
synapse
21
Q
synapse type: APs conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells through gap junctions. allows for synchronization of function
A
electrical synapses
22
Q
synapse type: communication through neurotransmitters
A
chemical synapses
23
Q
the neuron sending the signal
A
pre-synaptic neuron
24
Q
the neuron receiving the signal
A
post-synaptic neuron
25
space between the communicating neurons
synaptic cleft
26
chemical released by the pre-synaptic neuron to affect (excite or inhibit) the post-synaptic neuron(s) or effector
neurotransmitter (NT)
27
if the neurotransmitter is ______, continuation of the action potential is more likely
excitatory
28
if the neurotransmitter is ______, continuation of the action potential is less likely
inhibitory
29
neurotransmitter: PNS/CNS, excitatory at neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine (ACh)
30
neurotransmitter: CNS, inhibitory
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
31
neurotransmitter: excitatory or inhibitory (depending on receptor). emotional responses, addictive behaviours, skeletal muscle tone
dopamine
32
neurotransmitter: excitatory or inhibitory (depending on receptor). sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood, sleep, appetite
serotonin
33
neuroglia of the CNS: help form the blood- brain barrier (BBB), provide nutrients to neurons
astrocytes
34
neuroglia of the CNS: form/maintain the myelin sheath of CNS neurons
oligodendrocytes
35
neuroglia of the CNS: phagocytotic cells, remove debris, phagocytize microbes
microglia
36
neuroglia of the CNS: line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord, produce and assist in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ependymal cells
37
clear, colourless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, protects them from injury
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
38
what determines whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory?
the receptor on the post-synaptic nerve
39
specialized barrier that prevents passage of materials from the blood and the brain (and its surrounding fluid), protects brain from harmful substances. thick basement membrane, tight junctions
blood-brain-barrier (BBB)
40
cells that encircle axons in the PNS, form the myelin sheath of PNS axons, involved in regeneration of PNS axons
schwann cells
41
a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
nucleus
42
a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
ganglion
43
a bundle of axons in the CNS, interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and brain
tract
44
a bundle of axons in the PNS
nerve
45
nerves that connect the spinal cord to the periphery
spinal nerves
46
nerves that connect the brain to the periphery
cranial nerves
47
collections of cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibres in the CNS
grey matter
48
collections of myelinated axons in the CNS
white matter
49
part of CNS encased in the vertebrae, extends from the bottom part of the brain stem to the 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)
spinal cord
50
the roots of the spinal nerves below the conus medullaris, not part of the spinal cord
cauda equina
51
structure of the spinal cord, tapers at L2
conus medullaris
52
structure of white matter surrounding an inner core of grey matter
spinal cord
53
2 grooves that divide the white matter of the spinal cord into left and right sides
anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
54
a small tube in the centre of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid
central canal
55
structure of spinal cord, each side divided into regions called horns
grey matter
56
horn of the spinal cord, axons of incoming sensory neurons and interneurons
posterior/dorsal horn
57
horn of the spinal cord, motor nuclei
anterior/ventral horn
58
horn of the spinal cord, present in thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral portions. contain sympathetic nuclei
lateral horn
59
structure of 3 regions, called columns, of the spinal cord
white matter
60
what are the 3 columns of the spinal cord
anterior/ventral, posterior/dorsal, lateral
61
number of vertebrae in the cervical spine
7
62
number of vertebrae in the thoracic spine
12
63
number of vertebrae in the lumbar spine
5
64
tracts of axons that conduct action potentials toward the brain
sensory/ascending tracts
65
tracts of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain
motor/descending tracts
66
4 parts of the brain
brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
67
part of the brain, continuous with the spinal cord. between the spinal cord and diencephalon. contains nuclei of specific cranial nerves
brainstem
68
part of brain stem, contains nuclei for the control of heart rate, blood pressure, breathing ,swallowing, and vomiting
medulla oblongata
69
part of brain stem, contains nuclei for the control of breathing
pons
70
part of brain stem, contains nuclei for reflex visual activities, hearing. contains substantia nigra
midbrain
71
nuclei found in the midbrain, neurons that make dopamine extend from it
substantia nigra
72
a net-like formation of neural tissue that spreads throughout the brain stem, contains the RAS.
reticular formation
73
system that helps with consciousness, maintaining attention, preventing sensory overload, and regulating muscle tone
reticular activating system (RAS)
74
part of the brain, posterior to the brain stem. smooths and coordinates skeletal muscle contraction, regulates posture and balance
cerebellum
75
part of the brain, includes the hypothalamus thalamus, and epithalamus
diencephalon
76
part of diencephalon. major regulator of homeostasis, controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system, controls hormone production, emotion and behaviour (With the lymbic system), eating/drinking, body temperature, and circadian rhythm
hypothalamus
77
a 24 hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, and/or behavioural processes of living things
circadian rhythm
78
part of diencephalon. major relay station for most sensory input to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
79
part of diencephalon. contains the pineal gland, involved in smelling (especially emotional responses to smells)
epithalamus
80
part of the brain with 2 hemispheres, consists of the cerebral cortex, an inner region of white matter, and grey matter nuclei deep within the white
cerebrum
81
part of cerebrum, outer rim of grey matter. contains sensory areas involved in perception and motor areas involved in the execution of voluntary movements
cerebral cortex
82
part of cerebrum, white matter, contains areas that deal with more complex functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, intelligence
association areas
83
part of the cerebrum. helps to regulate the starting and stopping of movements, control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles, suppress unwanted movement, set resting muscle tone, linked to the substantia nigra
basal ganglia/nuclei
84
brain structure involved in emotion, smelling, and memory. includes parts of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and other nearby structures
limbic system
85
brain structure, functions in memory (encoding, consolidation, and retrieval), very important in converting short term memory into long term memory
hippocampus
86
brain structure, important in emotional function
amygdala
87
tough outer layer of connective tissue that encircles the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
88
middle layer of connective tissue that encircles the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid membrane
89
inner layer of connective tissue that encircles the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
90
adipose and CT-filled space between the wall of the vertebral canal and the dura mater (no space in the brain)
epidural space
91
interstitial fluid-filled space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane
subdural space
92
cerebrospinal fluid filled space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
subarachnoid space
93
all nervous tissue outside the CNS
peripheral nervous system
94
paths of communication between the brain and periphery. exit from the base of the brain
cranial nerves
95
paths of communication between the spinal cord and the periphery. parallel bundles of axons (and their associated neuroglial cells) wrapped in several layers of connective tissue
spinal nerves
96
how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
97
how many pairs of cranial nerves
12
98
how many spinal nerves for the 7 cervical vertebrae
8
99
spinal connects the spinal column to what 3 structures in all parts of the body
muscles, glands, receptors
100
two bundles of axons that connect the spinal nerve to the spinal cord
nerve root
101
Spinal nerve root: bundle of motor axons
anterior/ventral root
102
spinal nerve root: bundle of sensory axons
posterior/dorsal root
103
a swelling in the posterior root containing cell bodies of sensory neurons of the PNS
posterior/dorsal root ganglion
104
innermost connective tissue of a spinal nerve, covers the axon (regardless of myelination)
endoneurium
105
middle layer of connective tissue of a spinal nerve, covers fascicles. highly vascularized
perineurium
106
a bundle of axons
fascicles
107
outermost layer of connective tissue of a spinal nerve, covers the spinal nerve, highly vascularized
epineurium
108
3 subdivisions of the PNS
somatic, autonomic, enteric (SNS, ANS, ENS)
109
subdivision of the PNS. the "voluntary" nervous system. sensory enurons convey information to the CNS, motor neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles only
somatic nervous system
110
subdivision of the PNS. monitors and controls body activities. consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
autonomic nervous system
111
"fight or flight" nervous system. high activity comes from being excited, scared, threatened.
sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)
112
nervous system responses include: pupil dilation, increased heart rate and BP, airway dilation, vasodilation of skeletal and cardiac muscle, glucose release, vasoconstriction in kidneys and digestive tract
sympathetic nervous system
113
"rest and digest" nervous system.
parasympathetic nervous system (PaNS)
114
nervous system functions include: conserve and restore energy systems, increased digestive and urinary functions
parasympathetic nervous system
115
the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
autonomic tone
116
part of the brain that regulates autonomic tone
hypothalamus
117
sweat glands, arrector pilli, kidneys, most blood vessels, and adrenal medullae recieve only this kind of innervation
sympathetic
118
major control and integration centre for the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
119
subdivision of the PNS, sensory neurons that monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and the stretching of its walls, motor neurons control contraction of GI tract smooth muscle and secretions of the GI organs
enteric nervous system (ENS)
120
primary energy substrate for nervous system, but is not stored anywhere in neurons
glucose
121
where do neurons get their glycogen
blood or neuroglial cells
