circulatory system: lymphatic and immune Flashcards
3 functions of lymphatic system
drainage of excess instierstitial fluid, transportation of lipids from the digestive system, protection/immune response
structure of lymphatic system: fluid of the system.
lymph
structure of lymphatic system: transportation of fluid
lymphatic vessels
structure of lymphatic system: where various blood cells develop
red bone marrow
name this lymphatic structure: plasma and solutes filter freely from blood capillaries into interstitial space, some is reabsorbed into blood, excess filtered fluid drains into lymphatic system, the few proteins that leak out of the blood capillaries must return to circulation via the lymphatics
lymph
hierarchy of lymphatic flow
blood capillaries > interstitial spaces > lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels > lymphatic trunks > lymphatic ducts > subclavian veins
structure of lymphatic system: begin in spaces between cells, closed at one end, high permeability, cells forming the endolethium overlap to allow fluid in but not out, pressure drives interstitial fluid into the structures
lymphatic capillaries
structure of lymphatic system: capillaries merge into larger structures, lots of one-way valves, at regular intervals, lymph passes through lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels
structure of lymphatic system: clusters of lymphocytes (B and T cells) surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule, bean shaped, ~600 of these structures located along the lymphatic vessels of the body (often in groups, superficial and deep). function: lymph filtration
lymph nodes
structure of lymphatic system: larger merged lymphatic vessels
lymphatic trunks
lymphatic duct that drains the left side of head/neck, left side of chest, and entire body below the ribs into the left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
lymphatic duct that drains the right side of the head/neck and right side of the chest into the right subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct
lymphatic flow is maintain by what 3 functions
skeletal muscle pump, diaphragmatic breathing (respiratory pump), smooth muscle contraction (in vessel walls)
lymphatic organ, produces B cells and immature T cells
red marrow
lymphatic organ, located in the mediastinum, produces mature T cells from pre-T cells, large at birth, significantly atophied by maturity
thymus
lymphatic organ, large mass of lymphatic tissue between the stomach and diaphragm, filters blood, removes ruptured/worn out/defective red blood cells, stores platelets and monocytes
spleen
system that deals with specific and non-specific defences
immune system
immune defense: rapid responses, no memory component, reacts the same way to all invaders
non-specific defences
first line of non-specific defenses. shedding, trapping, flushing, washing, removal of microbes
skin, mucous membranes, body fluids
second line of non-specific immune defence: discourages microbial growth
antimicrobial proteins
second line of non-specific immune defence: recognizes and kills microbes
natural killer cells
second line of non-specific immune defence: eats microbes
phagocytes (fixed and wandering)
second line of non-specific immune defence: response to tissue damaged, designed to remove microbbes, prevent their spread, and prepare the site for repair
inflammation
second line of non-specific immune defence: intensifies antimicrobial protein activity, inhibits microbial growth, speeds up repair
fever
immune defense: aka immunity. invaders are identified, killed, remembered
specific defenses
substances that are recognized as foreign and elicit an immune response
antigen
2 types of specific defenses
cell-mediated, antibody mediated
type of specific immune response: effective against fungi, parasites, viruses, some cancer cells, foreign tissue
cell-mediated immune response
actions of T cells during immune response
activate, enlarge, proliferate, differentiate
differentiation of T cells: trigger proliferation and perform other immune responses
helper T cells
differentiation of T cells: migrate to the site and destroy the invader
cytotoxic T cells
differentiation of T cells: remain after the response, don’t attack but with make for a faster and stronger response to the same invader in the future
memory T cells
type of specific immune response: effective against antigens in body fluids, extracellular pathogens
antigen-mediated immune responses
actions of B cells during immune response
activate, enlarge, differentiate
differentiation of B cells: secrete antibodies
plasma cells
differentiation of B cells: remain after the response, don’t attack but with make for a faster and stronger response to the same invader in the future
memory B cells
proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen. neutralize, inhibit, or destroy an antigen. comes in 5 classes
antibodies
type of antibody: most common, in blood/lymph/intestines, protects against bacteria/viruses, cross the placenta to confer immunity to the newborn
IgC antibodies
type of antibody: found in sweat/tears/saliva/mucous/breast milk/GI tract, levels decrease during stress
IgA antibodies
type of antibody: found in blood/lymph, part of blood transfusion reactions
IgM antibodies
type of antibody: found in blood, involved inn allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic worms
IgE antibodies
type of antibody: found in blood, helps activate B cells
IgD antibodies
