gastrointestinal system Flashcards by Sasha Lampert

the breaking down of food into molecules small enough to be absorbed

digestion

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the passage of molecules through the plasma membranes of the cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph

absorption

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the continuous tube from the mouth to the anus

gastrointestinal tract

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the 6 accessory digestive organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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function of the digestive system: eating

ingestion

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function of the digestive system: cells in the walls of the GI tract and accessory organs secret water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract

secretion

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function of the digestive system: muscles in the organ wall rhythmically contract and relax to mix the food and secretions together and to move the mixture through the system

mixing and propulsion

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function of the digestive system: tongue mixes food, teeth grind and cut food, stomach and small intestines churn/mix food

mechanical digestion

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function of the digestive system: enzymes are secreted by the salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine to help break larger nutrients into smaller ones to be absorbed

chemical digestion

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function of the digestive system: taken in through the membranes of cells lining the stomach and small intestines. enters the blood or lymphatic systems, circulated throughout the body

absorption

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function of the digestive system: aka defecation

elimination

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wastes, undigested substances, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, cells sloughed off from the GI tract lining

feces

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term for chewing

mastication

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term for swallowing

deglutition

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term for vomiting

emesis

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term for taste

gustation

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structure of digestive system: cut/grind food, mix it with saliva, make food more manageable to swallow

teeth

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structure of digestive system: skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane

tongue

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structure of digestive system: salivary gland inferior and anterior the the ear, between the skin and masseter

parotid gland

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structure of digestive system: salivary glands on the floor of the mouth

submandibular glands

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structure of digestive system: salivary glands beneath the tongue

sublingual glands

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structure of digestive system: water, solutes, enzymes

saliva

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structure of digestive system: a soft, flexible mass that is swallowed

bolus

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structure of digestive system: skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane, muscle contractions move the bolus from the mouth to this structure, then the esophagus. aka throat

pharynx

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structure of digestive system: skeletal muscle and smooth muscle, collapsible muscular tube sitting posterior to the trachea, runs from the lowest segment of the pharynx through the diaphragm to the superior aspect of the stomach. functions to secrete mucous and transport the bolus to the stomach

esophagus

wave like contractions of the smooth muscle lining the walls of the GI tract that move the bolus along the tract

peristalsis

controls passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus

upper esophageal sphincter

controls passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach

lower esophageal sphincter

layers of the GI tract from deep to superficial

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

layer of the GI tract: mucous membrane consisting of epithelium (epithelial cells, exocrine cells, enteroendocrine cells), lamina propira (connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue), muscularis mucosa (a smooth muscle layer that creates folds)

mucosa

layer of the GI tract: a CT layer that binds the mucosa to the muscularis layer, contains many blood and lymhpatic vessels, contains neurons of the enteric nervous system for GI control

submucosa

layer of the GI tract: skeletal muscle in the mouth, pharynx, upper 2/3rds of esophagus, and external anal sphincter. smooth muscle everywhere else. generally in 2 layers (circular and longitudinal fibres), contractions help break down food, mix food with secretions, move food through the GI tract. contractions controlled by the enteric nervous system

muscularis

layer of the GI tract: serous membrane, outermost layer of the organs in the abdominal cavity. aka visceral peritoneum

serosa

structure of digestive system: 2 layers (visceral and parietal), contains large folds that bind organs to one another and tot he walls of the abdominal cavity

peritoneum

space between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum

peritoneal cavity

structure of digestive system: J shaped enlargement of the GI tract, sits immediately below the diaphragm. can expand to hold several litres, mixes food for 2-4 hours. has additional layers of specialized cells and smooth muscle

stomach

soupy mix of food in the stomach

chyme

cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach that secrete mucous

mucous neck cells

cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach that secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

parietal cells

cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

chief cells

cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach that secrete gastrin

G cells

secretions from mucous, parietal, and chief cells are collectively named _____

gastric juice

structure of the digestive system: large surface area for digestion of absorption.

small intestine

3 regions of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

ridges in the mucosa/submucosa in the small intestine that increase surface area

circular folds

finger-like projections in the mucosal layer that increase surface area. coated in epithelium

villi

cells of the epithelium of the small intestine: deals with digestion/absorption. has microvilli

absorptive cells

cells of the epithelium of the small intestine: mucous

goblet cells

cells of the epithelium of the small intestine: kills bacteria

Paneth cells

cells of the epithelium of the small intestine: secrete hormones

enteroendocrine cells

3 structures of a villus

arteriole, venule, lacteal

absorbed nutrients go to which two systems?

lymhpatics (lipids), blood stream (everything else)

structure that links the small intestine to the large intestine

ileocecal sphincter

structure of the digestive system: sits posterior to the stomach, has both endocrine and exocrine functions. secretes juice into the duodenal lumen

pancreas

fluid secreted by the pancreas (water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes)

pancreatic juice

2 main ducts through which pancreatic juice is secreted into the proximal duodenum

common duct formed by the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, accessory duct

organ. sits inferior to the diaphragm in the right superior region of the abdominal cavity. larger right and smaller left lobes

liver

blood vessel that provides the liver with oxygenated blood

hepatic artery

blood vessel that provides the liver with deoxygenated blood containing absorbed nutrients, medications, microbes, and toxins

hepatic portal vein

liver cells. absorb oxygen, nutrients, toxins. release nutrients. manufacture and secrete bile

hepatocytes

liver function: maintaining blood sugar levels. can convert some amino acids, lactic acid, and other sugars into glucose

carbohydrate metabolism

liver function: hepatocytes store fat, break it down to make ATP, and make cholesterol

lipid metabolism

liver function: makes amino acids available for energy, can convert amino acids into carbs or fats, synthesizes most plasma proteins

protein metabolism

pear-shaped organ sitting in the posterior surface of the liver, stores and concentrates bile

gallbladder

yellow/brown/olive liquid made by hepatocytes. collects into larger and larger vessels. function: emulsification (breakdown) of fats

bile

organ. food enters from the small interstine through the ileocecal valve. functions: completion of absorpion, vitamin K production, formation and elimination of feces

large intestine

region of large intestine: small pouch attached to the ileocecal valve, attaches to the appendix

cecum

region of large intestine: 4 portions (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) as food accumulates in the ascending portion, haustra (segments) fill up/distend which stimulates smooth muscle contraction and food moves into the next haustra. regular slow peristalsis occurs.

colon

region of large intestine: travels inferiorly to the anal canal

rectum

region of large intestine: terminal portion, elimination control internal/involuntary and external/voluntary sphincters

anal canal

structures of the upper GI tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum

structures of the lower GI tract

most of the intestines and the anus