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Physiology > gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

the breaking down of food into molecules small enough to be absorbed

A

digestion

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2
Q

the passage of molecules through the plasma membranes of the cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph

A

absorption

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3
Q

the continuous tube from the mouth to the anus

A

gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

the 6 accessory digestive organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

function of the digestive system: eating

A

ingestion

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6
Q

function of the digestive system: cells in the walls of the GI tract and accessory organs secret water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract

A

secretion

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7
Q

function of the digestive system: muscles in the organ wall rhythmically contract and relax to mix the food and secretions together and to move the mixture through the system

A

mixing and propulsion

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8
Q

function of the digestive system: tongue mixes food, teeth grind and cut food, stomach and small intestines churn/mix food

A

mechanical digestion

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9
Q

function of the digestive system: enzymes are secreted by the salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine to help break larger nutrients into smaller ones to be absorbed

A

chemical digestion

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10
Q

function of the digestive system: taken in through the membranes of cells lining the stomach and small intestines. enters the blood or lymphatic systems, circulated throughout the body

A

absorption

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11
Q

function of the digestive system: aka defecation

A

elimination

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12
Q

wastes, undigested substances, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, cells sloughed off from the GI tract lining

A

feces

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13
Q

term for chewing

A

mastication

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14
Q

term for swallowing

A

deglutition

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15
Q

term for vomiting

A

emesis

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16
Q

term for taste

A

gustation

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17
Q

structure of digestive system: cut/grind food, mix it with saliva, make food more manageable to swallow

A

teeth

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18
Q

structure of digestive system: skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane

A

tongue

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19
Q

structure of digestive system: salivary gland inferior and anterior the the ear, between the skin and masseter

A

parotid gland

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20
Q

structure of digestive system: salivary glands on the floor of the mouth

A

submandibular glands

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21
Q

structure of digestive system: salivary glands beneath the tongue

A

sublingual glands

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22
Q

structure of digestive system: water, solutes, enzymes

A

saliva

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23
Q

structure of digestive system: a soft, flexible mass that is swallowed

A

bolus

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24
Q

structure of digestive system: skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane, muscle contractions move the bolus from the mouth to this structure, then the esophagus. aka throat

A

pharynx

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25
Q

structure of digestive system: skeletal muscle and smooth muscle, collapsible muscular tube sitting posterior to the trachea, runs from the lowest segment of the pharynx through the diaphragm to the superior aspect of the stomach. functions to secrete mucous and transport the bolus to the stomach

A

esophagus

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26
Q

wave like contractions of the smooth muscle lining the walls of the GI tract that move the bolus along the tract

A

peristalsis

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27
Q

controls passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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28
Q

controls passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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29
Q

layers of the GI tract from deep to superficial

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

30
Q

layer of the GI tract: mucous membrane consisting of epithelium (epithelial cells, exocrine cells, enteroendocrine cells), lamina propira (connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue), muscularis mucosa (a smooth muscle layer that creates folds)

A

mucosa

31
Q

layer of the GI tract: a CT layer that binds the mucosa to the muscularis layer, contains many blood and lymhpatic vessels, contains neurons of the enteric nervous system for GI control

A

submucosa

32
Q

layer of the GI tract: skeletal muscle in the mouth, pharynx, upper 2/3rds of esophagus, and external anal sphincter. smooth muscle everywhere else. generally in 2 layers (circular and longitudinal fibres), contractions help break down food, mix food with secretions, move food through the GI tract. contractions controlled by the enteric nervous system

A

muscularis

33
Q

layer of the GI tract: serous membrane, outermost layer of the organs in the abdominal cavity. aka visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

34
Q

structure of digestive system: 2 layers (visceral and parietal), contains large folds that bind organs to one another and tot he walls of the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

35
Q

space between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum

A

peritoneal cavity

36
Q

structure of digestive system: J shaped enlargement of the GI tract, sits immediately below the diaphragm. can expand to hold several litres, mixes food for 2-4 hours. has additional layers of specialized cells and smooth muscle

A

stomach

37
Q

soupy mix of food in the stomach

A

chyme

38
Q

cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach that secrete mucous

A

mucous neck cells

39
Q

cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach that secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

A

parietal cells

40
Q

cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

A

chief cells

41
Q

cells in the mucosal layer of the stomach that secrete gastrin

A

G cells

42
Q

secretions from mucous, parietal, and chief cells are collectively named _____

A

gastric juice

43
Q

structure of the digestive system: large surface area for digestion of absorption.

A

small intestine

44
Q

3 regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

45
Q

ridges in the mucosa/submucosa in the small intestine that increase surface area

A

circular folds

46
Q

finger-like projections in the mucosal layer that increase surface area. coated in epithelium

A

villi

47
Q

cells of the epithelium of the small intestine: deals with digestion/absorption. has microvilli

A

absorptive cells

48
Q

cells of the epithelium of the small intestine: mucous

A

goblet cells

49
Q

cells of the epithelium of the small intestine: kills bacteria

A

Paneth cells

50
Q

cells of the epithelium of the small intestine: secrete hormones

A

enteroendocrine cells

51
Q

3 structures of a villus

A

arteriole, venule, lacteal

52
Q

absorbed nutrients go to which two systems?

A

lymhpatics (lipids), blood stream (everything else)

53
Q

structure that links the small intestine to the large intestine

A

ileocecal sphincter

54
Q

structure of the digestive system: sits posterior to the stomach, has both endocrine and exocrine functions. secretes juice into the duodenal lumen

A

pancreas

55
Q

fluid secreted by the pancreas (water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes)

A

pancreatic juice

56
Q

2 main ducts through which pancreatic juice is secreted into the proximal duodenum

A

common duct formed by the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, accessory duct

57
Q

organ. sits inferior to the diaphragm in the right superior region of the abdominal cavity. larger right and smaller left lobes

A

liver

58
Q

blood vessel that provides the liver with oxygenated blood

A

hepatic artery

59
Q

blood vessel that provides the liver with deoxygenated blood containing absorbed nutrients, medications, microbes, and toxins

A

hepatic portal vein

60
Q

liver cells. absorb oxygen, nutrients, toxins. release nutrients. manufacture and secrete bile

A

hepatocytes

61
Q

liver function: maintaining blood sugar levels. can convert some amino acids, lactic acid, and other sugars into glucose

A

carbohydrate metabolism

62
Q

liver function: hepatocytes store fat, break it down to make ATP, and make cholesterol

A

lipid metabolism

63
Q

liver function: makes amino acids available for energy, can convert amino acids into carbs or fats, synthesizes most plasma proteins

A

protein metabolism

64
Q

pear-shaped organ sitting in the posterior surface of the liver, stores and concentrates bile

A

gallbladder

65
Q

yellow/brown/olive liquid made by hepatocytes. collects into larger and larger vessels. function: emulsification (breakdown) of fats

A

bile

66
Q

organ. food enters from the small interstine through the ileocecal valve. functions: completion of absorpion, vitamin K production, formation and elimination of feces

A

large intestine

67
Q

region of large intestine: small pouch attached to the ileocecal valve, attaches to the appendix

A

cecum

68
Q

region of large intestine: 4 portions (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) as food accumulates in the ascending portion, haustra (segments) fill up/distend which stimulates smooth muscle contraction and food moves into the next haustra. regular slow peristalsis occurs.

A

colon

69
Q

region of large intestine: travels inferiorly to the anal canal

A

rectum

70
Q

region of large intestine: terminal portion, elimination control internal/involuntary and external/voluntary sphincters

A

anal canal

71
Q

structures of the upper GI tract

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum

72
Q

structures of the lower GI tract

A

most of the intestines and the anus

Physiology (12 decks)

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