endocrine system Flashcards by Sasha Lampert

a system of glands and cells that secrete hormones to regulate and integrate body systems

endocrine system

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organs that secrete substances into the blood in response to stimuli

endocrine glands

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chemical messengers, released into the interstitial fluid which then enters the bloodstream. released in one part of the body to regulate activity in another

hormones

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hormones bind to these on the cell membranes of target cells/organs. changes the shape when bound.

hormone receptors

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increase in target cell receptors due to a lack of circulating hormone, increases sensitivity to the hormone

upregulation

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decrease in target cell receptors due to an excess of circulating hormone, decreases sensitivity to the hormone

down regulation

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will hormone levels fluctuate depending on demand and normal body rhythms?

yes

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what can alter normal hormone levels?

environment, stress, inflammation, pathologies

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what system governs secretion control (chemical changes in blood)

nervous system

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in most cases, hormone levels are managed through what feedback loops?

negative

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2 endocrine glands that regulate all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis

hypothalamus, pituitary

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major integrating centre between the nervous and endocrine systems. receives input/information from many different structures. hormonally, regulates the synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones. neurologically, regulates the synthesis and release of posterior pituitary hormones

hypothalamus

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small endocrine gland that sits in the sella turcia of the sphenoid bone. has anterior and posterior lobes

pituitary

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pituitary lobe. release/inhibition of its hormones is controlled hormonally by the hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

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hormone that stimulates tissue growth, promotes healing and tissue repair, increases the use of lipids for energy, decreases cellular uptake of glucose/elevates blood glucose levels. released in bursts every few hours

human growth hormone (hGH)

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hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. its release is dependent on the level of thyroid hormones in the blood

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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hormone that stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. release increases with stress-related stimuli, macrophage activity

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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hormone that triggers ovulation, release of testosterone from testes

lutenizing hormone (LH)

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hormone that triggers ovarian follicle development, sperm production in testes

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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initiates and maintains milk production in the mammary glands

prolactin (PRL)

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hormone that stimulates melanocytes

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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lobe of pituitary gland. release/inhibition of its hormones is controlled neurologically by the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

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hormone. during delivery it inhances smooth muscle contraction of the uterus, post partum it stimulates milk ejection

oxytocin

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hormone that decreases urine production, causes arteriolar vasoconsrtiction

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

gland inferior to the larynx. provides hormones and calcitonin. activity is controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary

thyroid gland

hormones that increase basal metabolic rate, maintain body temperature, stimulate protein synthesis, increase the use of glucose and lipids to generate ATP, mobilize lipids and enhance cholesterol excretion

thyroid hormones

hormone that decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

calcitonin

glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland. hormones increase blood calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels by increasing the number of activity and osteoclasts, also works with kidneys to decrease their secretion of calcium and magnesium and to promote the formation of calcitriol

parathyroid glands

glands have a cortex and medulla. cortex releases aldosterone, cortisol, androgens. medulla releases epinephrine, norepinephrine

adrenal glands

hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels, helps regulate blood pressure/volume, helps in elimination of H+ (acid). stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and stimulates arteriolar smooth muscle contraction. released in response to dehydration, sodium deficiency, hemorrhage

aldosterone

hormone that regulates metabolism and provides resistance to stress, makes energy available to help the body deal with 'stress.' stimulates processes that increase/maintain blood glucose concentrations. helps your body resist stress by making more energy substrate available facilitating vasoconstriction

cortisol

hormone that during puberty: stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth

androgens

gland that secrets melatonin to regulate sleep cycles, increase secretion in darkness

pineal gland

secretes hormons that promote the maturation of T cells

thymus

glands that secret estrogens and progesterone which (along with FSH and LH) regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the mammary glands for lactation. also initiate/maintain the secondary female sex characteristics. with the placenta secretes relaxin which increases tissue/joint compliance in preparation for delivery

ovaries

glands that secret testosterone which regulates sperm production and initiates/maintains the secondary male sex characteristics

testes

effects of cortisol on glucose metabolism

maintains blood glucose during fasting, increases blood glucose during stress through gluconeogenesis, decreases use of glucose by tissues

effects of cortisol on protein metabolism

increases protein breakdown

effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism

increases lipids in the blood stream, increases use of lipids by tissues

effects of cortisol on inflammatory response

inhibits it and slows tissue repair

effects of cortisol on immune system

high doses depress immune responses

effects of cortisol on cardiovascular system

stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production

effects of cortisol on reproductive system

inhibits reproduction function

effects of cortisol on skeletal system

increases bone resorption (removal of calcium from bone and into the blood), increases osteoblast function

effects of cortisol on connective tissue

inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation, with excessive amounts the skin thins and CT support of capillaries is impaired leading to increased bruising

effects of cortisol on renal system

inhibits ADH secretion, increases formation of urine

effects of cortisol on muscle system

effects excessive levels lead to muscle weakness and pain

effects of cortisol on GI system

stimulates appeite, stimulates acid and pepsin secretion (increases risk of ulcer development)

organ located in the curve of the duodenum, islets (islets of langerhans) secrete glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

pancreas

hormone that increases blood glucose levels, stimulates hepatocytes to release glucose from their stores, triggered by hypohlycemia and exercise

glucagon

hormone that decreases blood glucose levels. stimulates body cells to take up glucose from the blood, hepatocytes to uptake and store glucose as glycogen, hepatocytes to slow their release of glucose. triggered by hyperglycemia, hGH, ACTH, PaNS, some amino acids, GI tract

insulin

hormone that inhibits glucagon and insulin release. may slow GI absorption,

somatostatin

endocrine function of organ: create erythroproietin stimulates red blood cell production, calcitriol

kidneys

endocrine function of organ: releases gastrin, CCK, secretin

stomach/intestine

endocrine function of organ: releases atrial naturetic peptide (ANP) to decrease blood pressure

heart

endocrine function of organ: leptin suppresses appetite

adipose

endocrine function of organ: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) helps maintain pregnancy

placenta

endocrine function of organ: calcitriol starts in surface tissue of body, continues in filter organ, ends in kidneys

skin, liver