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Histology Final > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of kidneys (6)

A
  1. Excretion of wastes
  2. Regulation of water
  3. Regulation of Acid base
  4. Regulation of electrolytes
  5. Endocrine function
  6. Urine production
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2
Q

Formation of the kidney

A
  • in the nephrotomes of Mesoderm
  • three phases
    1. Pronephros
    2. Mesonephros
    3. Metanephros
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3
Q

Pronephros

A
  • 3rd week
  • pronephric tubules form in nephrotomes of neck
  • Openings to celom and pronephric duct
  • do not function –> no Connection with circulation
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4
Q

Mesonephros

A
  • 4th week
  • Mesonephric tubules in nephrotomes of Thorax and upper lumbal
  • two Ends:
    blind end –> mesonephric corpuscle with blood vessels for Filtration
    other end links to mesonephric (wolfman) duct
  • FUNCTION until 8-9th week
  • in males: develops into genital ducts
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5
Q

Metanephros

A
  • 5th week
  • metanephrogenic tissue in lower lumbar nephrotomes –> tubules are formed
  • Metanephric bud grows into tissue – > Ureter, pelvis…
  • FUNCTION in weeks 9-10
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6
Q

Fetal kidneys

A
  • Nephrons are formed until birth
  • Urine into amniotic cavity
  • Urine has low concentration
  • kidneys are not repsonsible for excretion of waste!! –> placenta does this instead
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7
Q

Newborn and child kidneys

A
  • birth: kidneys have lobulated appearance

- disappears during childhood because more Nephrons grow

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8
Q

Adult kidneys

A
  • amount of CT increases

- abilities of Filtration decrease

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9
Q

Capsules of the kidney

A
  • Adipose capsule: White adipose tissue (außen)

- Fibrous capsule: dense irregular CT and few smooth muscle fibers (innen)

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10
Q

Stroma and parenchyma of kidney

A
  • Stroma: loose CT rich in reticular fibers

- Parenchyma: corpuscular and tubular epithelium

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11
Q

Anatomical parts of kidney

A

RENAL CORTEX:

  • corpuscles and convoluted tubules
  • extends between pyramids as columns

RENAL MEDULLA

  • loops of Henle and collecting tubules –> pyramids
  • extend into Cortex as medullary rays

LOBE
medullary pyramid and associated cortical tissue

LOBULE
medullary ray and surrounding cortical material

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12
Q

Nephron

A

Renal corpuscle

  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Glomerulus with afferent and efferent arterioles and capillaries

Renal tubules

  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
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13
Q

Function of a nephron

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
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14
Q

Types of nephrons

A

SHORT

  • corpuscles are in outer part of Cortex
  • short loops of Henle
  • all parts of Nephron are in Cortex
  • afferent art. is wider than efferent art.

INTERMEDIATE

  • corpuscles in midregion of Cortex
  • loops of Henle of intermediate length –> extend into Medulla
  • afferent art. is wider than efferent art.

LONG

  • corpuscles in proximity to the base of a pyramid
  • Long loop descending Deep into Medulla
  • afferent art. is equal to efferent art.
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15
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • 20 capillary loops
  • afferent arteriole, capillaries, efferent arteriole
  • vascular pole: area where arterioles enter and leave
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16
Q

Glomerular capillaries are…

A

…fenestrated

17
Q

Bowman’s capsule layers

A
  1. Parietal layer
  2. Capsular space
  3. Visceral layer
18
Q

Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

A
  • simple squamous

- passes into cuboidal epith. in proximal tubule –> URINARY / TUBULAR POLE

19
Q

Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

A
  • simple squamous –> composed of podocytes
  • bodies of podocytes face capsular space
  • trabeculae (Primary processes) embrace capillaries
  • pedicles (secondary processes) apply to b.m.
  • Filtration slits between secondary processes
  • slit diaphragms Bridge over Filtration slits (NEPHRIN)
20
Q

Glomerular Filtration barrier

A
  1. Endothelium of capillary
  2. Glomerular b.m. with three layers
    >Lamina rara interna
    >Lamina densa
    >lamina rara externa
  3. Podocytes

–> passage of water, electrolytes, Glucose, low weight proteins

21
Q

Inner (intraglomerular) mesangium

A
  • where capillaries are not covered by podocytes

- composed of mesangial cells –> resemble pericytes

22
Q

Functions of inner mesangium (5)

A
  • contracts
  • assists in Filtration
  • phagocytosis
  • support of capillaries
  • secretes vasoactive factors
23
Q

Proximal tubule and functions

A
  • convoluted part and straight part
  • simple cuboidal Epithelium
  • apical microvilli –> brush border
  • basal striations and mitochondria between them

FUNCTIONS OF CONVOLUTED TUBULE

  • reabsoption of water, Na, Cl, Glucose, aa from Primary Urine to blood
  • Secretion of cretinine, dyes, drugs, Vitamins to Urine

FUNCTIONS OF STRAIGHT TUBULE
- same functions, but not as specialized for reabsorption

24
Q

Loop of Henle

A

DESCENDING LIMB

  • thick Segment = straight part of proximal tubule
  • thin Segment –> water Reabsorption

ASCENDING LIMB

  • thin Segment –> Na and Cl Reabsorption
  • thick Segment = straight part of distal tubule
25
Q

Thin Segment of loop of henle

A
  • simple squamous

- microvilli on apical surface

26
Q

Distal tubule and functions

A

Parts:

  • straight tubule
  • macula densa
  • convoluted tubule
  • simple cuboidal Epithelium
  • basal striations, few microvilli

FUNCTIONS OF STRAIGHT TUBULE
- Reabsorption of Na, Cl

FUNCTIONS OF CONVOLUTED TUBULE

  • Reabsorption of Na, water
  • Secretion of Ammonium, drugs
27
Q

Renal collecting tubule

A
  • not part of Nephron

- simple cuboidal –> simple columnar towards ducts of Bellini (tip of pyramid)

28
Q

Types of epithelial cells in renal collecting tubule

A
  • principal: pale, few organelles, gew Shirt microvilli, songle non-motile cilium for chemical Signals
  • -> REABSORPTION OF WATER
  • dark/ intercalated cells: dark, mutliple organelles
  • -> SECRETION OF H OR HCO3
29
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
  • Macula densa
  • Extraglomerular mesangium

–> controls glomerular blood flow and systemic blood pressure

30
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A
  • modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole

- secrete renin –> for Regulation of blood pressure and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

31
Q

Macula densa

A
  • in wall of distal tubule
  • b.m. is very thin or does not exist
  • cells are sensitive to concentration of Na in Urine
  • act as chemoreceptors –> promote renin secretion and contraction of mesangial cells
32
Q

Extraglomerular mesanglium

A
  • between afferent and efferent arteriole and macula densa
  • continuous with intraglomerular mesangium
  • irregulary shaped cells with processes
  • Signal to intraglomerular mesangium which make capillaries wider or narrower
33
Q

Interstitial cells in renal connective tissue

A
  • resemble fibroblasts
  • produce prostaglandins (for contraction of smooth muscle cells and mesangial cells)
  • produe Erythropoietin (promotes erythropoiesis in bone marrow)
34
Q

Developmental Sources of the urinary tract

A

Ureter –> from metanephric bud

Bladder and upper part of urethra –> from urogenital sinus

35
Q

Wall of cayxes and renal pelvis

A

Mucosa:

  • transitional Epithelium
  • lamina propria

Muscular layers:

  • inner longitudinal
  • outer circular

Adventitia

36
Q

Wall of ureter

A

Mucosa:

  • transitional Epithelium
  • lamina propria

Muscular layers

  • inner longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal (in lower part)

Adventitia

37
Q

Wall of urinary bladder

A

Mucosa

  • transitional epith.
  • lamina propria

Muscular layer:

  • inner longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal

Serosa or adventitia

38
Q

Wall of urethra

A

Mucosa:

  • Males: transitional (prostatic part), pseudostratified (membranous and spongy part), stratifies squamous (terminal part)
  • Females: transitional (initial part), stratified squamous (terminal part)
  • lamina propria

Muscular layers

  • inner longitudinal
  • circular
  • outer longitudinal (in lower part)

Adventitia

Histology Final (18 decks)

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