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Histology Final > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A 
Transport of gases, nutrient, wastes…
Maintains homeostasis
Maintains osmotic balance
Regulates Body temperature
Protection from pathogens
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2
Q

Composition of blood

A

55% Plasma

45% cells

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3
Q

Plasma

A
  • mostly water, proteins, Ions, inorganic salts, gases
  • Tissue fluid: Plasma which leaks from capilarries into tissues
  • Lymph: tissue fluid which is collected through lymph capillaries
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4
Q

Blood cells

A

erythrocytes

Leukocytes

  • -> Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • –> Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, monocytes)
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5
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • biconcave and flexible
  • life span: 120 days
  • Anisocytosis –> RBCs are of unequal size:
    >Normocytes: 6-9
    >Microcytes: less than 6
    > Macrocytes: more than 9

produced in red bone marrow and destroyed in Spleen, liver, red marrow or blood stream

erythrocytosis: abnormal increase in number
Anemia: abnormal decrease in number

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6
Q

RBC membrane-associated proteins

A

Antigens on Surface –> determine blood group

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7
Q

Inner structure of RBC

A
  • no nucleus and organelles!!!
  • 33% hemoglobin
    Hb is Globin and heme
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8
Q

Functions of RBCs

A

Transport of O2 and CO2
pH homeostasis
blood coagulation
Determination of blood groups

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9
Q

Reticulocyte

A
  • immature form of erythrocyte
  • larger, contains some organelles
  • amount can increase in anemia or hypoxia
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10
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A
  • boconvex, small
  • no nucleus
  • have processes when activated
  • derived from megakaryocyte in bone marrow
  • life span: 10 days
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11
Q

Formation of platelets

A
  • in cytoplasm of megakaryocytes: many invaginations –> PLATELET DEMARCATION CHANNELS
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12
Q

Inner structure of platelet

A

Hyalomere
(outer, structural Zone, with open tubular System, cytoskeleton of microtubules and microfilaments)

Granulomere
(inner, organelles Zone, dense tubular System with ribosomes and granules
Alpha granules: Fibrinogen, coagulation factors…
Delta granules: ADF, ATF
Lysosomes with Enzymes)

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13
Q

Function of platelets

A
  • Formation of blood clots
  • Prevention of blood loss

Coagulation –> degranulation of platelets

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14
Q

Leukocytes

A

–> perform their function in tissue!

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15
Q

granulocytes

A
  • spherical
  • Multi lobed nucleus –> POLYMORPHONUCLEUAR
  • contain Primary and secondary granules
  • phagocytose and degranulate
  • do not recirculate!!
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16
Q

Primary granules

A
  • characteristic for granulocytes and agranulocytes
  • 20% of all granules
  • are lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes
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17
Q

Secondary granules

A
  • characteristic just for granulocytes

- specifically stained: pink/lilac in neutrophils, red in in eosinophils, blue in basophils

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • 50-70%
  • Cytoplasm has Primary, secondary, tertiary and secretory granules
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • life span: 8-12 h in blood, 2-3 days in CT
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19
Q

Pools of neutrophils

A

Reserve pool: mature neutrophils in red bone marrow
Circulating pool: neutrophils in bloodstream
Marginated pool: neutrophils which are adherent to endothelial cells in small vessels

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20
Q

Function of neutrophils

A
  • phygocytosis of foreign agents
  • -> neutrophils are attracted by chemotactic Signals from Inflammation –> adhere to Endothelium, extend pseudopodia and leave blood
  • dead neutrophils are main component of pus
  • secretion:
    Interleukins –> Tumor necrosis factor Alpha
    Antibacterial and tssue breakdown tissue
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21
Q

Neutrophili and Neutrophenia

A

Neutrophilia: increase in neutrophil Count, in bacterial infections

Neutrophenia: decrease in Count, in viral infections

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22
Q

Eosinophils

A

1-4%

  • bilobed nucleus
  • Primary and secondary granules
  • life span: 8-18 h in blood, several days in CT
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23
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A
  • anti-parasitic activity
  • associated with allergic reactions and chronic Inflammation (inactivate histamine, phagocytose antigen-antibody complex)
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24
Q

Basophils

A

> 1%

  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Primary and secondary nucleus
  • life span: 3 days in blood, several days in CT
  • similar to mast cells (have a common precursor)
  • secondary granules contain histamine and heparin
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25
Q

Functions of basophils

A
  • in allergies and anaphylaxix
  • ->activated they undergo degranulation and initiate inflammatory Response
  • release of specific granules of basophils and mast cells on second exposure to certain Antigens leads to anaphylactic shock
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26
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • spherical
  • unlobed nucleus –> MONONUCLEAR
    (Gegenteil von polymorphonucleuar)
  • contain only Primary granules (lysosomes)
  • do not phagocytose!

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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27
Q

Lymphocytes

A

20-30%

  • small, medium and large (about 90% are small)
  • contains mainly mitochondria, free ribosomes, Primary granules
  • life span. few to several years
  • can proliferate and recirculate!!!!
28
Q

Functional classification of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes: differentaite in Thymus, responsible for cellular immunity

B lymphocytes: for humoral immunity, may differentiate into Plasma cells

Natural Killers.: rapid cytotoxic Response to VIRALLY infected cells and Tumor cells

29
Q

Monocytes

A

3-10%
Largest
- small Primary granules and mitochondria
- life span: 1-2 days in blood, as macrophages months to years in CT
- kindey shaped nucleus

30
Q

Functions of monocytes

A
  • in tissues differentiate into macrophages

- give rise to macrophage phagocytic system

31
Q

Functions of macrophages

A
  • phagocytosis as defense or cleaup
  • Antigen presentation (present Antigen to helper T) –> are called Antigen presenting cells APCs
  • secretion of cytokines
32
Q

Leukogram

A
  1. Neutrophils (40-60%)
  2. Lymphocytes (20-40%)
  3. Monocytes (3-10%)
  4. Eosinophils (1-4%)
  5. Basophils (>1%)

“never let Monkeys eat bananas”

in Children: more leukocytes in General and more lymphocytes until year 4

33
Q

Blood cell development

A

Hematopoiesis

  • Erythropoiesis
  • Trhombopoiesis
  • Leukopoiesis

normally occurs in red bone marrow, but lmyphocytes are also formed in lmypahtic tissue

34
Q

Embryonic and fetal heamopoiesis phases

A

Yolk sac Phase
hepatic Phase
Medullary phase

35
Q

Yolk sac haemopoiesis

A
  • blood Islands in Mesoderm of yolk sac

- during 3-5th weeks: extraembryonic and intravascular

36
Q

Hepatic haemopoiesis

A
  • haemopoietic stem cells migrate into fetal Organs
    5th week: liver
    8th week: Thymus
    12th week: Spleen

intraembryonic and extravascular

37
Q

Medullary haemopoiesis

A
  • starts during 3rd month
  • during 3rd Trimester
  • in red bone marrow
38
Q

Monophyletic theory

A
  • all blood cells reive from common hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) or pluripotential stem cell (PPSC)
  • from HSC: common myleoid progentiro (CMP) and common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)
  • CMP and CLP from Colony forming Units (CFU)
  • from CMP:
    > CFU-E/M (erthrocyte and megakaryocyte progenitor)
    > CFU-G/M (granulocyte and monocyte progenitor)
  • from CLP: CFU-Ly (lmyphocyte progenitor)
39
Q

Maturation of blood cells

A
  • decrease in size (exception is megakaryocytes)
  • Chromatin condensation
  • future erythrocytes fill with hemoglobin
  • future granulocytes produce Primary and seconary granules
  • future monocytes produce Primary granules
  • future lymphocytes enter blood and undergo extensive maturation in immune organs
40
Q

Erythropoiesis stages

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic erythroblast
  3. Polychromatophilic eryhtroblast
  4. Orhtochromatophilic eryhtroblast
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Erythrocyte
41
Q

Proerythroblast (stage)

A
  • large
  • light nucleus
  • basophilic cytoplasm
  • divides
42
Q

Basophilic erythroblast (stage)

A
  • less in Diameter

- basophilic

43
Q

Polychomatophilic erythroblast (stage)

A
  • intesive Synthesis of Hb
  • Basophilic ribosomes and acidophilic Hb
  • last form that is able to divide
44
Q

Orthochomatophilic erythroblast (stage)

A
  • organelles disappear!!!
  • Acidiphilic cytoplasm
  • Extrusion of nucleus!
45
Q

Reticulocyte (stage)

A
  • few ribosomes which look like basophilic network
46
Q

Eryhtrocyte (stage)

A
  • rate of eryhtropoiesis is controlled by Erythropoietin secreted by kidney
47
Q

Thrombopoiesis stages

A
  1. Megakaryoblast
  2. Promegakaryocyte
  3. Megakaryocyte
  4. Thrombocytes (platelets)
48
Q

Megakaryoblast (stage)

A
  • round, unsegmented nucleus

- divides

49
Q

Promegakaryocyte (stage)

A
  • larger in Diameter
  • endomitosis (mitosis without cytoplasmic and nucleic division)
  • rate of division controlled by thrombopoietin secreted by kidney and liver
50
Q

Megakaryocyte

A
  • large, dense and multilobed nucleus
  • 3 zones of cytoplasm
    >Perinuclear: organelles and nucleus
    >Intermediate: demarcation canals
    >Marginal Zone: platelets are shedding
51
Q

Granulopoiesis stages

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promylocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. metamyelocyte
  5. Stab or band form of neutrophil
  6. Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
52
Q

Myeloblast (stage)

A
  • round nucleus

- divides

53
Q

Promyelocyte (stage)

A
  • oval nucleus
  • development of Primary granules
  • divides
54
Q

Myelocyte (stage)

A
  • oval nucleus
  • development of secondary granules
  • last form that is able to divide
55
Q

Metamyelocyte (stage)

A
  • kindey-form nucleus

- number of secretory granules increases

56
Q

Stab or band form of neutrophil (stage)

A
  • horeshoe shaped nucleus

- tertiary and secretory granules

57
Q

Mature form of granulocytes (stage)

A
  • segmented nucleus (3-5 in neutrophil, 2 in eosinophil, 2 in basophil)
  • rate is controlled by grwoth factorws and cytokines
58
Q

mast cells / stages

A

1- Mastoblast
2- Promastocyte (into tissue)
3- Mast cell

59
Q

Monopoiesis stages

A
  1. Monoblast
  2. Promonocyte
  3. Monocyte
60
Q

Monoblast (stage)

A
  • round nucleus

. divides

61
Q

Promonocyte (stage)

A
  • development of Primary granules

- divides

62
Q

Monocyte (stage)

A
  • circulate in blood

- migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophage

63
Q

Lymphopoiesis stages

A

1- Lmyphoblast
2-Prolymphocyte
3- Lympocyte

64
Q

Lymphoblast (stage)

A
  • round nucleus

- divides

65
Q

Prolmyphocyte (stage)

A
  • development of Primary granules

- divides

66
Q

Lymphocyte (stage)

A
  • recirculates in blood and lmyph

- undergoes divisions and final maturation in immune Organs

Histology Final (18 decks)

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