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Histology Final > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A 
Mechanical support
Metabolic 
Transport
Storage
Defense and protection
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2
Q

Classification of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper: loose, dense (regular, irregular)

Specialized: Adipose, elastic, reticular

Skeletal CT: cartilage, bone

Blood

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3
Q

General composition of connective tissue

A

Cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts…
ECM:
- fibers
- Ground substance (GAG, PG, GP)

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4
Q

Cells of connective tissue proper

A

Fixed cell Population: fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes, pericytes, macrophages

Wandering cell Population: White blood cells, Plasma cells

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5
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • Fusiform (spindelförmig)
  • Many cytoplasmic processes when activated
  • Large ovoid nucleus
  • Basophilic cytoplasm with rER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondira
    synthesize and secrete ECM and growth factors
  • Major role in active growth and wound healing
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6
Q

Mature fibroblasts

A 
= fibrocytes
smallerheterochromatic nuclei
Acidophiic cytoplasm
do not divide
not active
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7
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

growth factor –> fibroblasts turn into myofibroblasts

properties of both fibroblasts and myoblasts
actin Filaments transverses cytoplasm
–> wound closure after injury and then apoptosis
–> synthesize ECM

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8
Q

Reticular cells

A

Star shaped with Long cytoplasmic processes
synthesize type III Collagen
Found in stroma of hemopoietic and immune organs

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9
Q

Adipocytes

A

throughout loose CT

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10
Q

Pericytes

A

also called: adventitial cells or perivascular cells
Around capillaries and postcapilarry venules
Have characterisitcs of smooth muscles cells
Are a type of mesenchymal stem cells
contract

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11
Q

Undifferentiated mesenchymal (stem) cells

A

adult stem cells reside in niches

niches are found in bone marrow and loose CT

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12
Q

Macrophages

A
  • derived from monocytes
  • irregularly shaped with kidney shaped nucleus
  • when activated: pseudopodia
  • have ingested material in their cytoplasm (lysosomes, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, rER)
  • belong to the Mononulcuear Phagocyte System
Function: Phagocytosis as defense or clean up
Antigen presentation (Antigen presenting cells APC)
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13
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • Antigen presenting cells
  • Long, branched cytoplasmic processes
  • In tissues in contact with external Environment –> Spleen and lymph nodes
  • Dendritic cells of Skin and oral mucosa: langerhans
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14
Q

Mast cells

A
  • develop in bone marrow
  • differentiate in CT
  • large ovoid cell
  • spherical nucleus
  • cytoplasm with basophilic granules
  • granules contain histamine, Heparin
  • for Inflammation and hypersensitivity –> increasing the permeability of blood vessels and increasing of mucous production; smooth muscle contraction in bronchial tree
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15
Q

Leukocytes in CT

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes are wandering cells in CT

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16
Q

Plasma cells

A
  • large
  • from B lymphocytes
  • large, eccentric nucleus
  • Basophilic cytoplasm because rER and Golgi

–> synthesize and secrete antibodies

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17
Q

CT fibers

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers

Fibroblasts can synthesize all fibers, but not all fibers are synthesized by fibroblasts:

  • Cartilage: Chrondroblasts –> Collagen and elastic fib.
  • Aorta: smooth muscle cells –> elastic fibers
  • Lymph nodes: reticular cells –> reticular fibers
  • BM: epithelial cells –> Collagen fibers
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18
Q

Collagen fibers

A
  • composed of Collagen protein
  • felxible, unbranched, high tensile strength
  • bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, Skin, Cornea…

Structure: either in different directtions or highly organized
–> each bundle appears as a bundle of fine subunits: COLLAGEN FIBRILS

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19
Q

Collagen fibrils

A

made of Collagen molecules

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20
Q

Collagen (tropocollagen)

A

three Alpha polypeptide chains –> triple Helix (Collagen fibril)

Many Collagen fibrils –> Collagen bundle (Collagen Fiber)

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21
Q

Collagen types (Fibril forming)

A

I –> Skin, tendons, ligaments
II –> cartilage, vitreous of eye
III –> Skin, muscle, blood vessels, immune organs

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22
Q

Collagen types (Basement membrane forming)

A

IV; VI; VII –> link epithelial tissue to b.m. and ECM

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23
Q

Collagen synthesis

A
  1. transcription of Collagen genes
  2. 3 Alpha chains into triple Helix in rER
  3. Through Golgi apparatus –> Oligosaccharides are added
  4. secretory vesicles
  5. procollagen/triple helix is secreted from cell
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24
Q

Foramtion Collagen fibrils

A
  • PROCOLLAGEN PEPTIDASE: cleaves uncoiled Ends of procollagen
  • Collagen molecules into Collagen fibrils
  • Collagen fibrils into Collagen fibers
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25
Q

Reticular fibers

A
  • composed of type III Collagen –> reticulin
  • DO NOT FORM BUNDLES
  • form supporting Framework of hemopoietic and immune Organs (here they are secreted by reticular cells)
  • fibroblasts also make reticular fibers –> support epithelia, blood vessels, nerves, muscles
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26
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • can occur either in loose branching Networks, in bundles, or as fenestrated Sheets
  • synthesized by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
  • two structural components: central core of leastin and surrounding microfibrils
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27
Q

Structure of elastic fibers

A

CENTRAL CORE

  • synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts as TROPOELASTIN
  • in ECM: Elastin

SURROUNDING NETWORK OF MICROFIBRILS
- made of fibrillin

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28
Q

Components of Ground substance

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
  2. Proteoglycans (PG)
  3. Glycoproteins (GP)
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29
Q

GAG

A
  • Long, unbranched Polysaccharide
  • very hydrophilic
  • are usually Bound to protein core as part of prpteoglycan
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30
Q

PG

A
  • protein core to which GAGs are covalently bonded

- for binding cells, fibers….

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31
Q

Hyaluronan

A

Long, rigid GAG

- Major component of ECM of umbilical cord, Skin, articular cartilage, synovial fluid

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32
Q

GP

A
  • small multiadhesive proteins
  • numerous binding sites to cells, signaling molecules, …
  • imortant in stabilizing the ECM and linking it to cell surfaces
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33
Q

Functions of Ground substance

A

1- Resistance to compressive Forces
2- Diffusion of gases, nutrients
3- Stabilizing the ECM

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34
Q

Two subtypes of embryonic CT

A

Mucous Connective tissue

Mesenchyme

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35
Q

Mesenchyme

A
  • from Mesoderm
  • in head Region: also derived from neural crest cells
  • fills spaces between prgan primordia and differentiate

Composition:

  • Mesenchymal cells: undifferentiated, star shaped, contact by processes
  • ECM with Ground substance and loose Aggregate of Collagen fibrils
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36
Q

Mucous CT

A

in Umbilical cord
Cells: fibroblasts
ECM: Ground substance (wharton’s jelly) with hyaluronic Acid and Collagen fibers

–> protection of umbilical vessels

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37
Q

Loose connective tissue

A
  • cells of various types and ECM with loosely arranged fibers
  • flexible, not very resistant to stress
  • site of inflammatory reactions
  • beneath Epithelium, supporting stroma of inner Organs, space between Organs, surrounds blood vessels

–> Diffusion of Oxygen and nutrients, Diffusion on CO2 and metabolic wastes

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38
Q

Dense irregular CT

A
  • fibers are densely packed and oriented in various directions
  • Little Ground substance
  • resists in Tension –> mechanical support
  • dermin, fasciae, organ capsules
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39
Q

Dense regular CT

A
  • parallel packed Arrays of fibers and few cells
  • Little Ground substance
  • resists in Tension in linear direction
  • tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
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40
Q

Tendon

A
  • between parallel Collagen fibesr are mature fibroblasts

- tendon is subdivided into bundles by loose CT

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41
Q

bundles of tendons

A

Collagen Fiber = Primary bundle

Secondary bundle surrounded by ENDOTENDINEUM

tertiary bundle surrounded by PERITENDIDNEUM

Tendon surrounded by capusle –> EPITENDIDUEM

LOOK AT DRAWING IN NOTES

42
Q

Myotendineus junction

A
  • muscle fibers split in their Ends
  • Collagen fibers penetrate muscle to form interdigitations
  • endtendideum connects with endomysium, perten…..usw
43
Q

Osteotendineus junction

A
  • Collagen fibers form the tendon intermix with the Collagen fibers of periosteum
  • some fibers penetrate into the bone: Sharpey’s fibers
44
Q

Elastic (yellow) ligaments

A

White ligaments (join bone to bone)

  • thick elastic fibers arranged in parallel
  • each elastic Fiber surrounded by Collagen fibers (loose CT)
  • less regularly arranged than tendons because elastic fibers branch
45
Q

Aponeuroses

A
  • fibers are arranged in multiple layers
  • dense and regular Collagen fibers in one layer tend to be arranged at a 90° angle to those in the neighboring layers
  • Fibroblasts arranged in parallel between fibers and Little Ground substance
46
Q

Adipose tissue types

A

White: mature, in adults, predominant type –> especially in hypodermis

Brown: during fetal life, diminishes during first decade

47
Q

White adipocyte (unilocular)

A
  • Lipid droplet surrounded by thin layer of cytoplasm and flattened nucleus
  • are surrounded by blood vessels and reticular fibers
48
Q

Functions of White adipose tissue

A
  • Energy homeostasis
  • Body shape
  • insulation
  • cushion
  • secreting endocrine substances (Hormones, grwoth factors, …)
49
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A
  • in newborns: in back, neck, Thorax, abdominal Region

- disappears from most sites except from around kidneys, adrenal Glands, Aorta and mediastinum

50
Q

Brown adipocyte (multilocular)

A
  • smaller than White
  • many Lipid droplets!
  • nucleus is round, eccentric Position
  • cytoplasm contains mitochondria
  • rich supply of capillaries
51
Q

Function of BAT

A

Thermoregulation: generates hear

52
Q

Elastic tissue

A
  • consists mainly of elastic fibers

- in walls of arteries, yellow ligaments

53
Q

Reticular tissue

A
  • composed of: reticular cells and reticular fibers

- in supporting stroma of hemopoietic and immune Organs, endocrine Glands, liver

54
Q

Characteristics of cartilage

A
  • Avascular
  • Aneural
  • Receives nutrive substnace by Diffusion brom blood vessel in Perichondrium and CT
  • growths by Interstitial and appositional growth
  • support, flexibility and resilience

found in: respiratory tract, outer ear, articular surfaces, fetal Skeleton, growing bones

55
Q

cartilage cells

A

Chondrogenic cells
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

look at drawing in notes!!!!

56
Q

Embryonic development of cartilage

A

Mesenchyme –> chrondrogenic –> Chondroblast (produce ECM) –> chonrdocytes (surrounded by ECM)

57
Q

Chondroblasts

A
  • elliptical cells
  • rER, large Golgi
  • produce ECM with Collagen or elastic fibers
  • occuply spaces called LACUNAE
  • can divide
  • Group of daughter cells –> isogenous group
58
Q

Chondrocytes

A
  • do not divide
  • smaller Golgi
  • Lipid droplets
  • less active: synthesize and replace Matrix
59
Q

Cartilage fibers

A
  • Type II Collagen (in all types of cartilage)
    +Elastic fibers (in elastic cartilage)
    + Type I Collagen fibers (in fibrocartilage)
60
Q

Perichondrium

A
  • surrounds only hylaine cartilage and elastic cartilage
  • Two layers
    1. Outer fibrous layer (dense irregular CT with vessels)
    2. inner cellular layer (flat chondrogenic cells for appositional grwoth) –> only in Young cartilage!

is not found in articulat surfaces!!!!

61
Q

Appositional growth

A
  • Formation of new cartilage at the Surface of an existing cartilage
  • Chondrogenic cells in Perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts that produce ECM
62
Q

Interstitial growth

A
  • Chondroblasts within cartilaginous mass undergo mitosis in lacunae
  • each daughter within growing isogenous Group prosuces ECM -> cartilage expands
63
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • type II Collagen and big amount of Ground substance
  • most common
  • on articular surfaces, nose and respiratory tract, ribs, fetal Skeleton
  • precursos of bones that develop by endochondral ossification
  • surrounded by Perichondrium except epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage
  • undergoes calcification with age!!!
64
Q

Ground substance of hyaline cartilage

A
  • most important PG is AGGRECAN
  • each hyaluran molecule is bounded with large number of aggrecan molecules –> form large PG Aggregates
  • Aggrecan molecules have large negative charge ith Affinity for water
  • -> hyline cartilage provides resilience and Diffusion of small metabolites
65
Q

Regions in isogenous Groups in cartilage

A
  1. Capsular Matrix : immediately surrounding the lacunam basophilic staining
  2. Territorial Matrix: surrounding isogenous Group, contains Network of type II collagen
  3. Interterritorial Matrix: outside territoral Matrix, occupies space between Groups of chondrocytes
66
Q

Articular cartilage

A

= hyaline cartilage without Perichondrium

FOUR ZONES
1. Superficial (tangential) Zone: pressure resistant, flattened chondrocytes, type II Collagen
2, Middle (transitional) Zone: contains round chondrocytes randomly distributed
3. Deep (radial) Zone: round chondrocytes, arragned in columns, Collagen fibers between the columns
4. Calcified Zone: contacts the bone, calcified matriy and small chondrocytes

67
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • External ear, Eustachian tube, Epiglottis
  • has Perichondrium
  • DOES NOT CALCIFY
  • structure is similar to hyaline cartilage
  • elastic fibers in addiction to Collagen fibers
  • more flexibility than hyline cartilage
68
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • in intervertebral Disc, articular Disc, meniscs, pubic Symphysis, insertions of tendons and ligaments
  • resistance to both compression and shearing Forces
  • NO PERICHONDRIUM
  • grows by Interstitial growth only
  • few or no isogenous Groups
  • fibroblasts
  • fibers are arranged in bundles and made both of Collagen type I and II
69
Q

Repair of cartilage

A
  • Cartilage has limited ability to repair due to avascularity, immobility of chondrocytes and limited ability of chondrocytes to proliferate
  • repair can only happen when defect involves Perichondrium
  • In adults: new blood vessels develop at site of healing that stimulates calcification and grwoth of bone rather than actual cartilage repair
70
Q

bones

A
  • support and protection
  • attachment for muscles
  • Calcium and Phosphate Reservoir
    mineralized ECM!!

35% organic substances
65% inorganic substances

71
Q

ECM in bones is called…

A

osteoid

72
Q

Cells of bone tissue

A

Osteogenic/ osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
osteoclasts

73
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • from embryonic mesenchymal cells or mesenchymal stem cells
  • flat, small amount of rER, poorly developed Golgi
  • periosteum, endosteum, Haversian and Volksmann’s canals
74
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Spindle shaped
  • cytoplasm is basophilic due to well developed golgi, rER and mitochondria
  • on Surface of forming bone
  • produce bone Matrix
  • mediate the calcification of the osteoid
75
Q

Bone Matrix

A
  • Collagen fibers (type I)

- Ca Carbonate, Ca Fluoride, Citrate, Mg, Na

76
Q

Caclification process

A
  • Osteoblasts secrete vesicles
  • Vesicles are rich in alkaline phosphatase
  • Increases concentration of Ions and iniates the Formation of Crystals
  • Crystals are embedded within Collagen fibers and in Ground substance
77
Q

Osteocytes

A

= Osteoblast surrounded by ECM

  • not active
  • narrow spindle shaped, branched, decrease in number of organelles
  • processes into canaliculi where they form gap junctions
  • Canaliculi link the lacunae
  • synthesize Little amount of new Matrix
  • synthesize Enzymes –> osteocytic osetolysis is regulated to maintain Calcium homeostasis
78
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • multinucleated!
  • Acidophilic cytoplasm
  • at sites where bone is being removed
  • rest directly on bone tissue –> in Hawship’s lacuna
  • many lysosomes, vesicles, well developed Golgi
  • secrete acids, collagenase, and other Enzymes
  • derived from MPS
79
Q

three regions of osteoclasts

A
  1. Ruffled border: direct contact with bone, Deep microvilli for exocytosis of Enzymes and endocytosis of Degradation products
  2. Clear Zone: ring- like, cytoplase, abundant actin Filaments, lacks other organelles!
  3. Basolateral Zone: exocytosis of digested material, contains rER, golgi, lysosomes
80
Q

Osteoclastic osteolysis

A
  • Degradation of bone by osetocalsts
  • bone remodeling
  • Ca homeostasis
81
Q

Woven (immature) bone tissue

A
  • produced rapidly
  • mechanically weak, because:
    1- more Ground substance
    2- irregular organization of Collagen
    3- not heavily mineralized

in: all fetal bones, after fractures, in pathologies

82
Q

Lamellar (mature) bone

A
  • slow production
  • mechanichally strong
  • Collagen fibers are regularly arranged and form lamellae
83
Q

Gross structure of mature bone (7)

A
  1. Compact bone (outside of the bone)
  2. Spongy bone: interior of the bone
  3. Marrow or medullary cavity: cavity with Yellow marrow in diaphysis
  4. Red bone marrow: in spaces in spongy bone of epiphyses
  5. Endosteum: lines inner space of bone
  6. Periosteum: covers bone
  7. Hyaline cartilage: covers articular surfaces
84
Q

Lamellar compact bone

A
  • in outer layers of bone
  • in structural-functional Units called OSTEONS or HAVERSIAN SYSTEM
  • osteons: columns alinged in the same direction along lines of stress
85
Q

osteon

A
  • 5-15 concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal –> Haversian canal
  • canal contains: blood vessels, nerves, loose CT containing osteoprogenitor cells
  • Perforating /Volkmann’s canals: channels that connect osteonal canals to each other
86
Q

Other lamellae of compact bone

A
  1. Interstitial lamellae: between osteons
  2. outer circumferential lamellae: lie next and parallel to periosteum
  3. inner circumferential lamellae: lie nect and parallel to endosteum
87
Q

Lamellar spongy bone

A
  • in Ends of Long bone and inside flat bones
  • arranged in trabeculae or spicules
  • Trabeculae are composed of parallel lamellae and osetocytes along with them
  • have no true osteons
  • covered with thin endosteum
  • spaces in between filld with red bone marrow!
88
Q

Perisoteum

A

two layers

  1. Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular CT
  2. Inner cellular layer with osteoprogenitor cells
89
Q

Endosteum

A
  • lines trabeculae of spongy bone and compact bone Surface facing the marrow cavity
  • fine loose CT with osetoprogenitor cells
  • covers central canals
90
Q

Shapey’s fibers

A

Collagen fibers of the fibrous layer of periosteum that extend into the bone

  • -> helps anchor the periosteum to the bone
  • -> also used to attach tendons and ligaments to the bone
91
Q

Endochondral ossification - steps

A
  1. cartilage model: Mesenchyme - chondroprogenitor - Chondroblast –> hyaline cartilage covered by Perichondrium
  2. Formation of bone collar (periosteum): Perichondrium - periosteum around diaphysis
  3. Primary Center of ossification:
    Center of cartilage –> chondrocytes degenerate –> large cavity –> mesenchymal –>osetoprogenitor –> Osteoblast –> woven bone composed of mixed spicules
  4. Secondary Center of ossification
    Osteoprogenitors into epiphysis
    Mixed spicules
92
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Center of ossification:
    Mesenchyme - osteoprogentitor - Osteoblast
  2. Deposition of osteoid and ist mineralization
    Osetoblasts - osteocytes
    Primary bone spicules
  3. Woven spongy bone
    Appositional growth of Primary bone spicules
  4. Lamellar bone
    Osteoclastic Resorption and osteoblastic Deposition
    Mesenchyme - bone marrow
93
Q

Primary bone spicule

A

composed of woven bone tissue
osteocytes: inside spicule
Osteoblasts: Surface of spicule
Osteoclasts: Surface of spicule

94
Q

Sutures and fontanelles

A
  • at birth: bones of skull are separated by sutures and fontanelles with osteoprogenitor cells- for repid streching of Cranium in fetal life and childhood
  • new bone tissue forms in sutures and old bone tissue remodels
95
Q

Mixed spicule

A
  • composed of calcified cartilage with woven bone on Surface of cartilage
  • osteocytes in the spicule
  • Osteoblasts and osteoclasts on Surface
  • persist for short time before cartilage is replaced by bone
  • bone component grows by appositional growth
96
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate

A

transverse plate oh hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis at each end of a grwoing Long bone

function: growth in length

97
Q

Zones of epiphyseal plate

A

von außen nach innen

  1. Zone of reserve cartilage: no cellular roliferation or matric production
  2. Zone of Proliferation: cells are larger, active and produce Matrix, division and organization into columns
  3. Zone of Hypertrophic cartilate: enlarged cells, metabolically active and in columns
  4. Zone of Caclification: cartilage becomes calcified, as a scaffold for new bone, hypertrophied cells degenerate, blood vessels invade the Region

amount of cartilage produced = amount resorbed

98
Q

Bone remodeling

A

during growth
during aging

bones respond to changes in weight, posture, mechanical stress or changes in their internal Architecture

bones must be resorbed and reformed

99
Q

Internal remodeling of bone

A

New osteons are formed during the aging
osteoclasts bore a tunnel through compact bone
new blood vessels and CT with osteoblasts

100
Q

Factors that affect bone growth and remodeling

A
  1. nutritional factors

2. Endocrine factors

101
Q

Endocrine effects on bone

A

Parathyroid Hormone: stimulates osteocytic osteolysis –> induces osteocalst activity and increases CA Levels

Calcitonin: stimulates Calcium salt deposit in bone, inhibits bone Resorption and lowers CA levels

102
Q

Nutrinional effects on bone

A

Vitamin D: needed so that Calcium and phosphorus can be absorbed in intestines

Vitamin C: needed for Collagen and bone Matrix production

Vitamin A: maintains the rate of grwoth ob bone

Histology Final (18 decks)

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