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Histology Final > Gastrointestinal tract and glands > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal tract and glands Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the GI tract

A
  • 4th week: gut tube with three Segments from endoderm
    Endoderm just gives rise to epithelium

1- foregut
2- midgut
3- hindgut

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2
Q

Four laysers of GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Propria
Adventitia/Serosa

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3
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
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4
Q

Basic mucosal types in GI tract

A
  • Protective (oral, esophagus, anal canal, stomach, colon) –> stratified suquamous
  • Absorptiv (small intestine, colon) –> simple cplumnar
  • Secretory (stomach, small intestine, colon) –> tubular Glands and crypts
  • Mixed:absorptive/protective in colon; secretory/protective in stomach
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5
Q

Submucosa

A
  • loose CT with nerves, vessels, ganglia
    + Glands in esophagus and Duodenum
    + lymph nodules in Ileum and appendix
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6
Q

Muscularis propria

A

Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

layers are separated by loose CT

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7
Q

Adventitia or serosa

A

Adventitia: loose CT, everyhting that is not covered by peritoneum
Serosa: loose CT and Mesothelium, ecerything that is covered by Peritoneum)

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8
Q

Nerve Plexus and ganglia

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s Plexus): contraction of muscularis mucosae and secretory activity of Glands

Myenteric (auerbach’s) plxus: contraction of muscularis propria

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9
Q

Esophagus

A

Mucosa:

  • stratified suqamuos non-keratinized
  • lamina propria mucosae with cardiac Glands in lower part
  • muscularis mucosae

Submucosa:. loose CT with Glands

Muscularis propria:
inner circular
outer longitudinal

Adventitia (and Serosa below diaphragm)

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10
Q

Stomach

A

function: to produce chime

Mucosa:

  • simple columnar with pits and Glands
  • lamina propria with glands
  • lamina muscularis

Submucosa

Muscularis propria:
inner oblique
middle circular
outer longitudinal

Serosa

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11
Q

3 types of Glands in stomach

A
  1. cardiac Glands
  2. gastric Glands
  3. Pylroic glands
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12
Q

Cardiac Glands in stomach

A
  • tubular, sometimes branched
  • in lamina propria and open into pits
  • mostly mucous cells

look at picture

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13
Q

Gastric glands

A
  • tubular
  • several Glands open into one pit
  • cells:
    >Stem cells (in neck)
    >Mucous neck cells
    >Parietal cells (have micorvilli, secrete HCl and intrinsic factor)
    >Chief cells: in lower portions, secretes pepsinogen
    >Enteroendocrine cells (belong to DNES, in base, secrete Hormones)
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14
Q

Diffuse neuroendocrine system

A
  • throughout GI tract
  • cells secrete into blood vessels of CT not into the lumen
  • derived from neural crest

Hormones:
- Gastrin
- Somatostatin
. Vasoactive intestinal pepitde

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15
Q

Pyloric glands

A
  • tubular and branched
  • Deep and Broad pits
  • mucous and enteroendocrine cells
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16
Q

Small intestine

A

Mucosa:

  • simple columnar
  • lamina propria
  • lamina muscularis

Submucosa:
- loose CT
+ Glands in Duodenum
+ lymphoid nodules in Ileum

Muscularis externa:
inner circular
outer longitudial

Serosa or Adventitia

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17
Q

Structures of mucosa in small intesine

A

plicae
villi
crypts
microvilli

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18
Q

Villus

A
  • fingerlike projections
  • core of lamina propria
  • enterocytes with microvilli –> striated border
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19
Q

Crypts in small intestine

A
  • simple clumnar Epithelium invaginations

. crypts are Shorter than villi

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20
Q

Small intesine epithelial cell types

A

Enterocytes: columnar with microvilli, glycocalyx, membrane Digestion and absorption

Goblet cells: produce mucus

Enteroendocrine cells: produce hormones

paneth cells: at base of crypts, secrete lysozyme and defensins

Stem cells: base of crypts

M cells: above lymph nodes in Ileum, pressent Antigen to lymphoid cells

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21
Q

Regional differences in mucosa in small intestine

A

Duodenum: Brunners Gland in submucosa

Jejunum: no Glands, no nodules

Ileum: Peyer’s pathces –> Aggregates of lymphoid nodules in submucosa

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22
Q

Large intesine

A

Parts: cecum, colon, rectum

Mucosa:

  • simple columnar with crypts
  • lamina propria
  • lamina muscularis mucosae

Submucosa:

Muscularis propria:
thick inner circular
3 separate longitudianl bands –> taniae coli

Advdentitia or serosa

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23
Q

Epithelial cells in large intestine

A

Goblet cells
Enterocytes
Stem cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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24
Q

Appendix

A

colonic mucosa

lymphoid nodules in submucosa

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25
Rectoanal jucntion
from simple columnar to stratified squamous Muscularis mucosa disappears!! Circular muscular layer gives the internal anal sphincter
26
Functions of saliva (7)
- Lubrication - Taste - Initiates Digestion - Controls bacterial flora - Defense - Buffers Content - Source of Ca and Ph
27
Organization of Major salivary gland
Capsule --> dense irregular CT | Septa --> loose CT, divide Glands in lobes and lobules
28
Stroma and Parenchyma of lobule
Stroma: loose CT from Mesenchyme Parenchyma: epiheltial tissue from primitive mouth ectoderm
29
Major salivary Glands are...
branches and compound
30
Types of secretory units
serous mucous mixed
31
Serous cells
- stain basohilic - round nucleus, in lower part of cell - secretory granules in apical part - watery secretion rich in Enzymes, proteins, ions
32
Mucous cell
- stain pale - nucleus pressed to the base - cytoplasm full of mucigen granules
33
Forms of secretory units
Acinar: each acinus is composed mostly of serous cells Tubular: each tubule is composed mostly of mucous cells, serous cells could be at end
34
Duct System of Major salivary glands
``` Intercalated duct (within lobule) Striated duct (within lobule) Excretory duct (interlobular, interlobar, common excretory duct, oral cavity) ```
35
Intercalated duct
- small Diameter - suquamous or low cuboidal Epithelium - Functions: they secrete HCO3, absorb Cl-
36
Straited duct
- large Diameter - columnar Epithelium - basal striations (Plasma membrane infoldings) - secrete HCO3, K+, absorb Na, Cl
37
Excretory ducts
as Diameter enlarges: | pseudostratified --> stratified columnar --> stratified suqamous
38
Myoepithelial cells
- between epithelial cells and b.m. - ectodermal origin - flattened, Long processes - during contraction, force secretion from secretory unit into duct system
39
Parotid gland
- largest Gland - makes only 25% of saliva - acini with serous cells - Long intercalated ducts - large striated ducts - much adipose tissue
40
Submandibular gland
- makes 65% - acinar or tubular, serous or mixed - more serous cells than mucus - some serour cells form serous demilunes - good developed branched striated ducts
41
Sublingual gland
- tubular or acina, serous or mixed - mucous cells predominate over serous - poorly developed intercalated and striated ducts
42
Pancreas
- Capsule: dense irregular CT with Septa (loose CT) - Stroma: loose CT - Parenchyma: epithelial tissue - exocrine and endocrine part - Epithelium from endoderm and CT from mesenchyme
43
Types of acini in exocrine pancreas
simple | compound
44
simple acinus
regular round shape serous cells into intercalated duct
45
Acinar cell
- central nucleus - basophilic basal part - apical part full of granules
46
Compound acinus
- irregular shape - composed of acinus and centroacinar cells - when intercalated duct invaginates into lumen of simple acinus - in exocrine part of pancreas
47
Centroacinar cells
- invaginated cells of intercalated ducts | - more pale nuclei in Center of acinus
48
System of pancreatic ducts
intercalated ducts --> interlobular ducts --> principal and accessory duct --> Duodenum - from simple cuboidal Epithelium to simple columnar
49
Endocrine part of pancreas
- islet of Langerhans | - islets are scattered throughout the organ in cell Groups of varying size
50
Endocrine cells of pancreas
- polygonal cells invested by capillaries - 3 main cell types: > Beta cells: most abundant, centrally, Insulin >Alpha cells: peripheral, glucagon >Gamma: peripheral, Somatostatin other cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
51
Liver functions (6)
- Haemopoiesis (in fetal period) - Metabolism - Synthesis and secretion of bile - Detoxification - Storage of glycogen, Lipids, Vitamins... - storage of blood
52
Classic lobule in liver
Central vein in Center Portal triad in apices of lobue look at drawing for other types of lobules!!!
53
Stroma and parenchyma of liver
- Stroma: reticular CT | - Parenchyma: epitheliual cells (hepatocytes)
54
Hepatocytes
- large - polygonal - 1 to 2 nuclei - rich in organelles and inclusions - arranged in hepatic plates
55
Hepatic plate
- 1 to 2 cells thick - radiate towards central vein - separated by vascular sinusoids
56
Vascular sinusoids
- Sinusoidal capillaries between hepatic plates - large Diameter - mixed blood in lumen
57
Wall of sinusoids in liver
- discontinuous epithelial cells with pores - Discontinuous b.m. - Kupffer cells between endothelial cells
58
Kupffer cells
- stellar macrophages - phagocytosis of spent erythrocytes and other debris - from monocytes and belong to MPS
59
Space of Disse
- between each hepatic plate and sinusoid - filled with blood Plasma - allows Absorption of nutirents into blood - in fetal liver: contains Islands of blood-forming cells - Postnatal period: contains few CT fibers and Ito cells
60
Ito cells
- fat storing - stellate cells --> are modified pericytes - accumulate Vitamin A - when Liver is damaged, differentiate into myofibroblasts
61
Bile canaliculi
- small Diameter - between hepatocytes - wall is formed by incurvation of Plasma membrane - Transport bile produced by hepatocytes - drain bile into canals of Hering
62
Canals of Hering / bile collecting ducts
- near Portal triads but still within lobule - hepatocytes and cholangiocytes (simple cuboidal) - drain into interlobular bile ducts
63
Portal triad
- interlobular artery (branch of hepatic artery) - Interlobular vein (branch of hepatic Portal vein) - Interlobular bile duct (simple cuboidal) - lymphatic vessel
64
Portal lobule
- axis: interlobular bile duct - outer margins are imaginary lines drawn between 3 central veins - blood flows from Center to the periphery, bile from periphery to the center look at drawing!!
65
Portal acinus
- rhomb-shaped - short axis of acinus is between 2 Portal triads - Long axis between 2 central veins - 3 zones: >Central(closest to short axis and blood supply) >Intermediate >Peripheral (closest to central vein and receives least Oxygen)
66
Gallbladder
- stores and concentrated bile Mucosa: - simple columnar Epithelium with convoluted folds - Lamina propria with occasional mucous Glands - no lamina muscularis mucosae Submucosa is absent or loose!!! Muscularis externa: - interlacing myocytes (longitudinal, trnasverse, oblique) Serosa in lower Surface Adventitia in upper Surface)

Histology Final (18 decks)

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