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Histology Final > Gastrointestinal tract and glands > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal tract and glands Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the GI tract

A
  • 4th week: gut tube with three Segments from endoderm
    Endoderm just gives rise to epithelium

1- foregut
2- midgut
3- hindgut

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2
Q

Four laysers of GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Propria
Adventitia/Serosa

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3
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
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4
Q

Basic mucosal types in GI tract

A
  • Protective (oral, esophagus, anal canal, stomach, colon) –> stratified suquamous
  • Absorptiv (small intestine, colon) –> simple cplumnar
  • Secretory (stomach, small intestine, colon) –> tubular Glands and crypts
  • Mixed:absorptive/protective in colon; secretory/protective in stomach
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5
Q

Submucosa

A
  • loose CT with nerves, vessels, ganglia
    + Glands in esophagus and Duodenum
    + lymph nodules in Ileum and appendix
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6
Q

Muscularis propria

A

Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

layers are separated by loose CT

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7
Q

Adventitia or serosa

A

Adventitia: loose CT, everyhting that is not covered by peritoneum
Serosa: loose CT and Mesothelium, ecerything that is covered by Peritoneum)

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8
Q

Nerve Plexus and ganglia

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s Plexus): contraction of muscularis mucosae and secretory activity of Glands

Myenteric (auerbach’s) plxus: contraction of muscularis propria

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9
Q

Esophagus

A

Mucosa:

  • stratified suqamuos non-keratinized
  • lamina propria mucosae with cardiac Glands in lower part
  • muscularis mucosae

Submucosa:. loose CT with Glands

Muscularis propria:
inner circular
outer longitudinal

Adventitia (and Serosa below diaphragm)

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10
Q

Stomach

A

function: to produce chime

Mucosa:

  • simple columnar with pits and Glands
  • lamina propria with glands
  • lamina muscularis

Submucosa

Muscularis propria:
inner oblique
middle circular
outer longitudinal

Serosa

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11
Q

3 types of Glands in stomach

A
  1. cardiac Glands
  2. gastric Glands
  3. Pylroic glands
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12
Q

Cardiac Glands in stomach

A
  • tubular, sometimes branched
  • in lamina propria and open into pits
  • mostly mucous cells

look at picture

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13
Q

Gastric glands

A
  • tubular
  • several Glands open into one pit
  • cells:
    >Stem cells (in neck)
    >Mucous neck cells
    >Parietal cells (have micorvilli, secrete HCl and intrinsic factor)
    >Chief cells: in lower portions, secretes pepsinogen
    >Enteroendocrine cells (belong to DNES, in base, secrete Hormones)
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14
Q

Diffuse neuroendocrine system

A
  • throughout GI tract
  • cells secrete into blood vessels of CT not into the lumen
  • derived from neural crest

Hormones:
- Gastrin
- Somatostatin
. Vasoactive intestinal pepitde

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15
Q

Pyloric glands

A
  • tubular and branched
  • Deep and Broad pits
  • mucous and enteroendocrine cells
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16
Q

Small intestine

A

Mucosa:

  • simple columnar
  • lamina propria
  • lamina muscularis

Submucosa:
- loose CT
+ Glands in Duodenum
+ lymphoid nodules in Ileum

Muscularis externa:
inner circular
outer longitudial

Serosa or Adventitia

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17
Q

Structures of mucosa in small intesine

A

plicae
villi
crypts
microvilli

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18
Q

Villus

A
  • fingerlike projections
  • core of lamina propria
  • enterocytes with microvilli –> striated border
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19
Q

Crypts in small intestine

A
  • simple clumnar Epithelium invaginations

. crypts are Shorter than villi

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20
Q

Small intesine epithelial cell types

A

Enterocytes: columnar with microvilli, glycocalyx, membrane Digestion and absorption

Goblet cells: produce mucus

Enteroendocrine cells: produce hormones

paneth cells: at base of crypts, secrete lysozyme and defensins

Stem cells: base of crypts

M cells: above lymph nodes in Ileum, pressent Antigen to lymphoid cells

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21
Q

Regional differences in mucosa in small intestine

A

Duodenum: Brunners Gland in submucosa

Jejunum: no Glands, no nodules

Ileum: Peyer’s pathces –> Aggregates of lymphoid nodules in submucosa

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22
Q

Large intesine

A

Parts: cecum, colon, rectum

Mucosa:

  • simple columnar with crypts
  • lamina propria
  • lamina muscularis mucosae

Submucosa:

Muscularis propria:
thick inner circular
3 separate longitudianl bands –> taniae coli

Advdentitia or serosa

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23
Q

Epithelial cells in large intestine

A

Goblet cells
Enterocytes
Stem cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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24
Q

Appendix

A

colonic mucosa

lymphoid nodules in submucosa

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25
Q

Rectoanal jucntion

A

from simple columnar to stratified squamous
Muscularis mucosa disappears!!
Circular muscular layer gives the internal anal sphincter

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26
Q

Functions of saliva (7)

A
  • Lubrication
  • Taste
  • Initiates Digestion
  • Controls bacterial flora
  • Defense
  • Buffers Content
  • Source of Ca and Ph
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27
Q

Organization of Major salivary gland

A

Capsule –> dense irregular CT

Septa –> loose CT, divide Glands in lobes and lobules

28
Q

Stroma and Parenchyma of lobule

A

Stroma: loose CT from Mesenchyme
Parenchyma: epiheltial tissue from primitive mouth ectoderm

29
Q

Major salivary Glands are…

A

branches and compound

30
Q

Types of secretory units

A

serous
mucous
mixed

31
Q

Serous cells

A
  • stain basohilic
  • round nucleus, in lower part of cell
  • secretory granules in apical part
  • watery secretion rich in Enzymes, proteins, ions
32
Q

Mucous cell

A
  • stain pale
  • nucleus pressed to the base
  • cytoplasm full of mucigen granules
33
Q

Forms of secretory units

A

Acinar: each acinus is composed mostly of serous cells
Tubular: each tubule is composed mostly of mucous cells, serous cells could be at end

34
Q

Duct System of Major salivary glands

A 
Intercalated duct (within lobule)
Striated duct (within lobule)
Excretory duct (interlobular, interlobar, common excretory duct, oral cavity)
35
Q

Intercalated duct

A
  • small Diameter
  • suquamous or low cuboidal Epithelium
  • Functions: they secrete HCO3, absorb Cl-
36
Q

Straited duct

A
  • large Diameter
  • columnar Epithelium
  • basal striations (Plasma membrane infoldings)
  • secrete HCO3, K+, absorb Na, Cl
37
Q

Excretory ducts

A

as Diameter enlarges:

pseudostratified –> stratified columnar –> stratified suqamous

38
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A
  • between epithelial cells and b.m.
  • ectodermal origin
  • flattened, Long processes
  • during contraction, force secretion from secretory unit into duct system
39
Q

Parotid gland

A
  • largest Gland
  • makes only 25% of saliva
  • acini with serous cells
  • Long intercalated ducts
  • large striated ducts
  • much adipose tissue
40
Q

Submandibular gland

A
  • makes 65%
  • acinar or tubular, serous or mixed
  • more serous cells than mucus
  • some serour cells form serous demilunes
  • good developed branched striated ducts
41
Q

Sublingual gland

A
  • tubular or acina, serous or mixed
  • mucous cells predominate over serous
  • poorly developed intercalated and striated ducts
42
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Capsule: dense irregular CT with Septa (loose CT)
  • Stroma: loose CT
  • Parenchyma: epithelial tissue
  • exocrine and endocrine part
  • Epithelium from endoderm and CT from mesenchyme
43
Q

Types of acini in exocrine pancreas

A

simple

compound

44
Q

simple acinus

A

regular round shape
serous cells
into intercalated duct

45
Q

Acinar cell

A
  • central nucleus
  • basophilic basal part
  • apical part full of granules
46
Q

Compound acinus

A
  • irregular shape
  • composed of acinus and centroacinar cells
  • when intercalated duct invaginates into lumen of simple acinus
  • in exocrine part of pancreas
47
Q

Centroacinar cells

A
  • invaginated cells of intercalated ducts

- more pale nuclei in Center of acinus

48
Q

System of pancreatic ducts

A

intercalated ducts –> interlobular ducts –> principal and accessory duct –> Duodenum
- from simple cuboidal Epithelium to simple columnar

49
Q

Endocrine part of pancreas

A
  • islet of Langerhans

- islets are scattered throughout the organ in cell Groups of varying size

50
Q

Endocrine cells of pancreas

A
  • polygonal cells invested by capillaries
  • 3 main cell types:
    > Beta cells: most abundant, centrally, Insulin
    >Alpha cells: peripheral, glucagon
    >Gamma: peripheral, Somatostatin

other cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

51
Q

Liver functions (6)

A
  • Haemopoiesis (in fetal period)
  • Metabolism
  • Synthesis and secretion of bile
  • Detoxification
  • Storage of glycogen, Lipids, Vitamins…
  • storage of blood
52
Q

Classic lobule in liver

A

Central vein in Center
Portal triad in apices of lobue

look at drawing for other types of lobules!!!

53
Q

Stroma and parenchyma of liver

A
  • Stroma: reticular CT

- Parenchyma: epitheliual cells (hepatocytes)

54
Q

Hepatocytes

A
  • large
  • polygonal
  • 1 to 2 nuclei
  • rich in organelles and inclusions
  • arranged in hepatic plates
55
Q

Hepatic plate

A
  • 1 to 2 cells thick
  • radiate towards central vein
  • separated by vascular sinusoids
56
Q

Vascular sinusoids

A
  • Sinusoidal capillaries between hepatic plates
  • large Diameter
  • mixed blood in lumen
57
Q

Wall of sinusoids in liver

A
  • discontinuous epithelial cells with pores
  • Discontinuous b.m.
  • Kupffer cells between endothelial cells
58
Q

Kupffer cells

A
  • stellar macrophages
  • phagocytosis of spent erythrocytes and other debris
  • from monocytes and belong to MPS
59
Q

Space of Disse

A
  • between each hepatic plate and sinusoid
  • filled with blood Plasma
  • allows Absorption of nutirents into blood
  • in fetal liver: contains Islands of blood-forming cells
  • Postnatal period: contains few CT fibers and Ito cells
60
Q

Ito cells

A
  • fat storing
  • stellate cells –> are modified pericytes
  • accumulate Vitamin A
  • when Liver is damaged, differentiate into myofibroblasts
61
Q

Bile canaliculi

A
  • small Diameter
  • between hepatocytes
  • wall is formed by incurvation of Plasma membrane
  • Transport bile produced by hepatocytes
  • drain bile into canals of Hering
62
Q

Canals of Hering / bile collecting ducts

A
  • near Portal triads but still within lobule
  • hepatocytes and cholangiocytes (simple cuboidal)
  • drain into interlobular bile ducts
63
Q

Portal triad

A
  • interlobular artery (branch of hepatic artery)
  • Interlobular vein (branch of hepatic Portal vein)
  • Interlobular bile duct (simple cuboidal)
  • lymphatic vessel
64
Q

Portal lobule

A
  • axis: interlobular bile duct
  • outer margins are imaginary lines drawn between 3 central veins
  • blood flows from Center to the periphery, bile from periphery to the center

look at drawing!!

65
Q

Portal acinus

A
  • rhomb-shaped
  • short axis of acinus is between 2 Portal triads
  • Long axis between 2 central veins
  • 3 zones:
    >Central(closest to short axis and blood supply)
    >Intermediate
    >Peripheral (closest to central vein and receives least Oxygen)
66
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • stores and concentrated bile

Mucosa:

  • simple columnar Epithelium with convoluted folds
  • Lamina propria with occasional mucous Glands
  • no lamina muscularis mucosae

Submucosa is absent or loose!!!

Muscularis externa:
- interlacing myocytes (longitudinal, trnasverse, oblique)

Serosa in lower Surface
Adventitia in upper Surface)

Histology Final (18 decks)

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