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Histology Final > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Pilosebaceous apparatus

A

Hair
Sebeceous Glands
Arrector pili muscle

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2
Q

Skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis

Hypodermis under skin

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3
Q

Functions of skin

A 
Protection
Permeability barrier
Thermoregulation
Sensation
Metabolic functions
Immunologic defense
Sexual attractant
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4
Q

Developmental Sources of skin

A
  • Epidermis from ectoderm
  • Demis from Mesoderm
    (in back from dermatomes and in Abdomen and limbs from parietal Mesoderm)
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5
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratifies squamous keratinized that produces protein keratin

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6
Q

Cells of epidermis

A

keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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7
Q

Cellular layers of Epidermis in thin skin

A

basal layer
spinous cell layer
Granular layer
Keratin layer

all layers are composed of keratinocytes

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8
Q

Basal layer

A
  • single layer of cuboidal cells
  • divide and are responsible for Regeneration
  • each cell is Bound to b.m. by hemidesmosomes
  • cells are conencted by desmosomes
  • keratinocytes contain tonofilaments
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9
Q

Spinous cell layer

A
  • polyhedral keratinocytes
  • Synthesis of tonfilaments continues
  • tonofilaments converge into the desmosomes
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10
Q

Granular layer

A
  • cells are flatter

- contain keratoyalin adn membrane Coating granules

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11
Q

Membrane- Coating granules

A
  • in granular layer cells
  • contain Lipids
  • secreted by exocytosis into intercellular spaces
  • responsible for Formation of epidermal water barrier
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12
Q

Keratohyalin granules

A
  • in granular layer cells
  • contain intermediate Filament- associated proteins
  • released into keratinocyte cytoplasm
  • filaggrin and trichohyalin promote Aggregation of tonofilaments into tonofibrils –> initiaton the production of keratinization
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13
Q

Keratin layer

A
  • no nuclei
  • flakes of keratin
  • coated with anti-wetting agents
  • breakdown of nucleus and other organelles
  • thickening of Plasma membrane
    pH decreases
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14
Q

Epidermal water barrier

A

two structural Elements:
1. Lipid envelope of anti-wetting agents
2- Cell envelope with insoluble proteins on inner Surface of Plasma membrane

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15
Q

Epidermis of thin skin

A

Clear layer between granular layer and keratin layer

Deep epithelial ridges and ling dermal papillae

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16
Q

Clear layer

A

in thick Skin

eosinophilic cells full of eleidin

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17
Q

Skin Color depends on

A

Melanin
Red blood cells in dermal vascular beds
Carotenes
Bilirubin

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18
Q

Melanin

A

Eumelanin (yellowish Brown to black)

Pheomelanin: pink to red blue

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19
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • in basal layer
  • from neural crest
  • round with numerous processes
  • contain promelanosomes and melanosomes –> Synthesis of Melanin
  • Melanin is produced from tyrosine
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20
Q

Langerhans cells

A
  • in all layers except keratin layer
  • lobulated nucleus
  • cytoplasmic processes
  • present Antigens to T-lymphocytes
  • derived from monocytes
21
Q

Merkel cells

A
  • in basal layer
  • rounded, branchd
  • contain vesicles
  • make synaptic Connection with sensory nerve
  • intra-epidermal touch receptors!!!
22
Q

Epithelial ridges and dermal papillae

A

epithelial downsgrowths

dermal outgrowth

23
Q

Dermis

A 
CT
blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves
hair follicles
sebaceous Glands
arrector pili muscles
Sweat glands
24
Q

Layers of dermis

A 
Papillary layer (superficial)
Reticular layer (deeper)
25
Q

Papillary layer of dermis

A

loose CT with type I and III collagen

26
Q

Reticular layer of dermis

A

dense irregular CT with type I Collagen and elastic fibers

27
Q

Hypodermis

A

loose CT and adipose tissue

for Energy storage and insulation

28
Q

Nerve supply of skin

A

free nerve endings

Meissner’s coupuscles: in dermal papillae, touch receptors

Pacinian corpuscles: in deeper dermis and hypodermis, detect pressure

Ruffini’s corpuscles: Respons to mechanical displacement

29
Q

Hair (parts)

A

Hair follicle

hair shaft

30
Q

hair follicle

A

3 Segments

1- infundibulum (until Opening ob sebaceous Gland)
2- Isthmus: until arrector pili muscle
3- Inferior Segment with hair bulb

5 layers: inner three: shaft, outer two: sheaths

31
Q

External root sheath

A

basal layer of Epithelium continiuation

separated by surrounding CT by glassy membrane

32
Q

Internal root sheath

A
  • cells whihc become lighlty keratinized and disintegrate at Level of sebacous gland
33
Q

Hair shaft structure

A

Medulla (moderate keratinization)
Cortex (highly keratinized, contains Pigment)
Cuticle (contains overlapping keratin plates)

34
Q

Hair color

A

Melanocytes are in Matrix in Cortex

Melanin is in cells of cortex

35
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • surround hair follicles
  • branched acinar
  • sebum onto hair shaft
  • short duct is called pilosebaceous canal
  • sebum is product of holocrine secretion
36
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

smooth msucle
one end in follicle and the other into papillary layer of dermis

surrounds sebaceous gland

37
Q

Contraction of arrector pili muscle results in:

A

hair rises
sebum is discharged
goose skin

38
Q

Types of Sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

39
Q

Eccrine Sweat glands

A
  • almost everywhere (mostly in Palms and soles)
  • Secretory Portion is tubular and coiled in reticular layer
  • clear and dark cells
  • secretory mode is eccrine

coiled duct has stratified cuboidal epithelium

40
Q

Apocrine Sweat glands

A
  • large Glands in axillae and genital regions
  • Deep in hypodermis
  • secrete into adjacent hair follicle via duct
  • secretory Portion is tubular and coiled and has cuboidal and myoepithelial cells
  • secretion is eccrine!!!
41
Q

Fingernail

A
  • nail bed is stratified squamous
  • nail root in dermis
  • growth: Proliferation, differntiation, keratinizationof Epithelium –> nail Matrix
  • lunula at base of nail
  • Eponychium: Skin overlying the root
  • Hyponyhcium: Skin beneath free end of nail
42
Q

Breast (mammary Gland)

A

Compund tubular

during lactation (tubule-acinar)

12-25 lobes

43
Q

Development of mammary gland

A

6th to 7th week: ectodermal thickening –> two mammary lines

small Portion in thoracic Region invaginates into Underlying Mesenchyme –> lactiferous ducts

44
Q

Stroma in mammary gland

A

Interlobular stroma: dense irregular CT and adipose tissue

Intralobular stroma:loose, more cellular and less fibrous CT

45
Q

Changes in mammary gland

A

inactive Gland: undifferentiated ducts, no alveoli, simple cuboidal, interlobular dense CT, adipose CT

Active Gland: Differentaition of alveoli

Active lactating Gland: Secretion of milk, simple columanr, thin Septa, adipose CT

46
Q

Secretion of milk

A

Merocrine for proteins
Apocrine for droplets

in first few days after birth: alveoli begin to secrete a protein-rich fluid called COLOSTRUM

production is controlld by prolactin

47
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

15-25 ducts each draining into one of the lobes
within nipple: duct is dilated to form lactiferous Sinus
lined by stratified epithelium

48
Q

myoepithelail cells in mammary gland

A

surround alveoli and ducts

contract under Oxytocin and help to discharge the milk

Histology Final (18 decks)

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