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ANAT 3001 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system consist of the…

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

relatively constant state of the body’s internal environment

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3
Q

During embryonic development, temporary kidneys, called ________, develop

A

mesonephros

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4
Q

Mesonephros function as kidneys until what week?

A

8th

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5
Q

The mesonephros use mesonephric ducts to transport urine to a collection area called the…

A

cloaca

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6
Q

While the mesonephros are functioning, another pair of kidneys (called ___________) are developing near the embryo’s caudal end

A

metanephros

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7
Q

___________ ______ extends from the mesonephric ducts (near their attachment to the cloaca) to meet up with the developing metanephros

A

ureteric buds

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8
Q

The ureteric buds branch out into the tissue of the metonephros and are then referred to as…

A

metanephric ducts

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9
Q

During the 8th week of development, the ___________ take over the kidney function and become the permanent kidneys

A

metanephros

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10
Q

As the embryo grows in length, the kidneys assume a more ______ position in the abdomen

A

superior

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11
Q

The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to…

A

the kidneys

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12
Q

Bilaminar Disc

A

2 plates of tissue of embryo

  • top plate = epiblast
  • bottom plate = hypoblast
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13
Q

At the 18th day of development, the bilaminar disc becomes the trilaminar disc, which consists of the…

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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14
Q

The urogenital sinus is the…

A

developing bladder

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15
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

against the posterior wall of the upper abdomen (one on each side of the vertebral column)

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16
Q

Kidneys are surrounded by a large amount of…

A

fat

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17
Q

Kidneys have a dense connective tissue covering called the…

A

renal capsule

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18
Q

What are the main excretory organs?

A

the kidneys

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19
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from amino acids

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20
Q

The urinary system secretes erythropoietin to stimulate..

A

red blood cell production

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21
Q

The medial border of the kidney has an indentation called the ______ ______, where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter leave

A

renal hilus

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22
Q

Which renal vein is longer, the left or the right?

A

left

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23
Q

Which kidney is lower, the left or the right?

A

right

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24
Q

Three distinct regions can be distinguished inside each kidney. What are they?

A

cortex, medulla, pelvis

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25
Q

What is the outer layer of the kidney?

A

the cortex

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26
Q

Deep to the cortex of the kidney is the…

A

medulla

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27
Q

The medulla of the kidney is divided into…

A

pyramid shaped regions by penetrating cortical columns

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28
Q

At each apex of a pyramid in the kidney, there is a __________, which expels the urine being produced.

A

papilla

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29
Q

The papilla of each pyramid projects into a small, cup-like space called a…

A

minor calyx

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30
Q

Several minor calyces join together to form a…

A

major calyx (3-5 per kidney)

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31
Q

The major calyces join together to form the ______ ______, which transports urine to the ureter and onto teh bladder

A

renal pelvis

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32
Q

The ureter, blood vessels, etc. of a kidney lie in a hollow chamber called a…

A

renal sinus

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33
Q

Kidneys receive what percent of cardiac output?

A

20-25%

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34
Q

Each kidney is typically fed by a single _______ ______, but it is not uncommon to find multiple.

A

renal artery

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35
Q

Each renal artery divides into how many segmental branches?

A

5

36
Q

Segmental arteries supply blood to…

A

a functional segment of the kidney

37
Q

Segmental arteries divide into…

A

interlobar arteries (a lobe is a pyramid and associated cortex)

38
Q

An interlobar artery courses along the base of a pyramid as an…

A

arcuate artery

39
Q

Arcuate arteries give rise to…

A

cortical arteries (which penetrate the cortex)

40
Q

Cortical arteries give rise to…

A

afferent arterioles (which feed glomeruli)

41
Q

Once blood passes through a glomerulus, it leaves through an…

A

efferent arteriole

42
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

43
Q

There are approximately how many nephrons in the kidneys combined?

A

2.5 million

44
Q

The nephron has 5 main parts:

A 
capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
45
Q

The nephrons form urine through…

A

filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

46
Q

What is the non-selective, passive process by which water and solutes in the blood plasma move out of the glomerulus and into the capsule (due to pressure)?

A

filtration

47
Q

Tubular reabsorption is…

A

the active transport of substances from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream

48
Q

Tubular secretion is…

A

the active transport of solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid

49
Q

What is the movement of fluid in the nephron?

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. capsule
  3. proximal tubule
  4. nephron loop
  5. distal tubule
  6. collecting duct
50
Q

Filtrate

A

fluid in the capsular space as a result of filtration

51
Q

Reabsorption

A

movement of fluid from the tubule into the bloodstream

52
Q

Secretion

A

movement of fluid from the bloodstream into the tubule

53
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

glomerulus + glomerular capsule

- the bulbous end of the nephron

54
Q

The outer wall (parietal layer) of the renal corpuscle is composed of…

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

55
Q

The inner wall (visceral layer) of the renal corpuscle) is composed of…

A

podocytes

56
Q

Where is the capsular space located in the renal corpuscle?

A

between the visceral and parietal layers

57
Q

The filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle consists of…

A

the simple squamous cells of the glomerulus and the visceral layer of the capsule

58
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule is comprised of…

A

simple cuboidal cells with tall microvilli

59
Q

Does the proximal convoluted tubule have a high or low mitochondria count?

A

high

60
Q

Function of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

actively reabsorbs nutrients (glucose and amino acids), ions (especially sodium), vitamins and plasma proteins from the filtrate back into the bloodstream

61
Q

The thick part of the nephron loop is made of…

A

simple cuboidal cells

62
Q

The thin part of the nephron loop is made of…

A

simple squamous cells

63
Q

Function of the nephron loop

A

reabsorb ions (sodium and chloride) missed by the proximal convoluted tubule

64
Q

The distal convoluted tubule is comprised of…

A

simple cuboidal cells with sparse microvilli and mitochondria

65
Q

Function of the distal convoluted tubule

A
  • secrete ions (such as potassium and hydrogen) into tubular fluid
  • reabsorb water (under the influence of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone) in response to low blood volume
66
Q

If you want to increase your blood pressure, what do you want urine to do?

A

be reabsorbed into the bloodstream, concentrating the urine so you don’t get rid of more water

67
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

where the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole come into physical contact

68
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule monitor in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  1. how much water is in the tubule
  2. how much pressure is in the afferent arteriole
    - the distal convoluted tubule will respond to retain water if the water content is low (low BP)
69
Q

Ureters

A

fibromuscular tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder

70
Q

The ureters have a mucosa lined by…

A

transitional epithelium

71
Q

The muscular layer of the ureters consists of…

A

longitudinal and circular smooth muscle

72
Q

The adventitia of the ureters is formed from..

A

areolar connective tissue

73
Q

The ureters project into the bladder such that a _____ is formed to prevent backflow.

A

valve

74
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

muscular pouch that stores urine and actively expels during urine

75
Q

The mucosa of the bladder is lined by…

A

transitional epithelium

76
Q

The muscular wall of the bladder is called the…

A

detrusor

77
Q

What structure conducts urine out of the bladder?

A

the urethra

78
Q

The internal urethral sphincter is __________ muscle that prevents urine flow

A

smooth (involuntary)

79
Q

The external urethral sphincter is ________ muscle that prevents urine flow

A

skeletal (voluntary)

80
Q

Renal Calculus

A

a kidney stone.
- most are made from calcium oxylate, and they create jagged crystalline formations that can become lodged at various sites along the urinary tract.

81
Q

During the storage of urine, the _________ ________ _________ is contracted and the ______ is relaxed (the result of sympathetic activity)

A

internal urethral sphincter ; detrusor

82
Q

When there is sufficient urine in the bladder, ________ _______ in the bladder wall send signals to the micturition reflex center of the brain, which activates the parasympathetics.

A

stretch receptors

83
Q

Parasympathetic activity causes the internal urethral sphincter to _____ and the detrusor to ______

A

relax ; contract

84
Q

Micturition Reflex

A

controls urine storage and elimination in newborns

85
Q

What is achieved in potty training?

A

the child learns to over-ride the micturition reflex until a more convenient time/place to urinate
- activates the external urethral sphincter. you contract this muscle when you sense urine in the bladder and do not want to expel it.

ANAT 3001 (11 decks)

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